Table 1.

Pre-clinical studies of neonatal seizures and their long-term parameters.

Study	Model	Species	Age of insult	Chronic ages evaluated	Acute EEG seizure	Long-term EEG seizure	Injury	Long-term comorbidities
Stafstrom (6)	Kainic acid	Rat	PND 5, 10, 20, and 30	3 months	N.E	Evaluated	Evaluated CA3 cell loss in P20 and 30	N.E
Jensen et al. (36)	Perinatal hypoxia	Rat	PND 5, 10, and 60	1–2 months	N.E	N.E	N.E	Water maze, open field, handling tests, susceptibility to flurothyl
Lee et al. (46)	Tetanus-toxin	Rat	PND 9–11	Up to 6 months	N.E	N.E	Evaluated No injury	Chronic EEG abnormality
Huang et al. (47)	Flurothyl	Rat	PND 0–9	3 months	50 seizures	N.E	N.E	Increased seizure susceptibility to flurothyl, impaired memory, change in HC morphology
Santos et al. (48)	Pilocarpine	Rat	PND 7–9	3 months	N.E	N.E	Evaluated No injury	Reduced exploratory skills CA1 hyperexcitability
Xiu-Yu et al. (44)	Pilocarpine	Rat	PND 1, 4, and 7	P49	N.E	N.E	Evaluated No injury	Altered neurogenesis
Kadam et al. (49)	Perinatal HI	Rat	PND 7	6 months	N.E	N.E	Evaluated Cortical lesions	Mossy fiber sprouting Cortical dysgenesis
Kadam et al. (49)	Perinatal HI	Mouse	PND12	P33–39	N.E	N.E	Evaluated Hemi: 34% HC: 61%	Rotarod, T-maze alteration, open field, cylinder test
Kadam et al. (49)	Perinatal HI	Rat	PND 7	2–12months	N.E	Evaluated	Evaluated Hemi: 30–78%	N.E
Rakhade et al. (37)	Perinatal hypoxia	Rat	PND 10	3–6 months	N.E	Evaluated	Evaluated No injury	Significant prevalence of epilepsy Increased mossy fiber sprouting in CA3 HC
Lugo et al. (50)	Flurothyl	Mouse	PND7–11	P40	N.E	N.E	N.E	Deficits in HC-dependent memory and social behavior
Kang et al. (38, 51)	Ischemia	Mouse	PND 7, 10, and 12	N.E	Evaluated	N.E	Evaluated P18	N.E
Bernard et al. (52)	Kainic acid	Rat	PND 7	P6090	N.E	N.E	N.E	Abnormal social interaction and restricted interests
Peng et al. (53)	Perinatal HI	Mouse	PND 7	11–12 months	N.E	Evaluated	Evaluated 11–12 month Hemi: 44–69%	N.E

N.E, not evaluated; HC, hippocampus.