Table S3.
Covariates and associated beta coefficients included in top-ranked mark-recapture model (based on AICc) predicting adult annual survival of 49 bird species from 1992 to 2007
| Species | WNV variable in top-ranked model by AIC | WNV classification (arrival vs. presence) | Cumulative support for WNV classification | Average annual survival | Intercept | WNV effect | 95% CI | Land-use effect | 95% CI | WNV/Land-use Interaction | 95% CI |
| Song sparrow | WNV arrival lag 1 y* | WNV arrival | 0.69 | 0.430 | −0.280 | −0.176 | (−0.32, −0.033) | 0.054 | (0.017, 0.091) | −0.178 | (−0.32, −0.036) |
| Gray catbird | WNV presence* | WNV presence | 0.60 | 0.516 | 0.063 | 0.056 | (−0.017, 0.13) | 0.057 | (0.007, 0.106) | −0.078 | (−0.151, −0.005) |
| Swainson’s thrush | WNV risk* | WNV presence | 1.00 | 0.604 | 0.422 | −0.146 | (−0.202, −0.09) | — | — | — | — |
| Yellow warbler | WNV arrival lag 1 y* | WNV arrival | 0.44 | 0.577 | 0.309 | 0.143 | (−0.041, 0.327) | 0.065 | (0.025, 0.105) | −0.195 | (−0.377, −0.014) |
| Common yellowthroat | WNV presence lag 1 y | WNV presence | 0.92 | 0.496 | −0.018 | 0.023 | (−0.071, 0.116) | −0.131 | (−0.187, −0.075) | 0.162 | (0.06, 0.263) |
| Wilson's warbler | WNV arrival† | WNV arrival | 0.44 | 0.446 | −0.217 | −0.256 | (−0.544, 0.032) | — | — | — | — |
| American robin | — | — | — | 0.489 | −0.044 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| American goldfinch | WNV risk* | WNV presence | 0.75 | 0.451 | −0.196 | −0.091 | (−0.175, −0.008) | 0.049 | (−0.018, 0.116) | — | — |
| Northern cardinal | WNV arrival lag 1 y* | WNV arrival | 0.78 | 0.564 | 0.257 | −0.221 | (−0.435, −0.007) | — | — | — | — |
| Dark-eyed junco | WNV arrival lag 1 y† | WNV arrival | 0.60 | 0.405 | −0.385 | 0.224 | (−0.019, 0.467) | — | — | — | — |
| MacGillivray’s warbler | WNV presence† | WNV presence | 0.78 | 0.513 | 0.050 | −0.108 | (−0.220, 0.005) | 0.055 | (0.004, 0.107) | — | — |
| Wood thrush | WNV presence† | WNV presence | 0.75 | 0.456 | −0.176 | −0.114 | (−0.239, 0.011) | 0.085 | (0.034, 0.136) | — | — |
| Warbling vireo | WNV presence* | WNV presence | 1.00 | 0.554 | 0.219 | −0.348 | (−0.504, −0.193) | — | — | — | — |
| Black-headed grosbeak | WNV risk* | WNV presence | 0.69 | 0.555 | 0.220 | −0.107 | (−0.210, −0.003) | 0.035 | (−0.030, 0.100) | −0.092 | (−0.217, 0.032) |
| Yellow-rumped warbler | WNV presence lag 1 y* | WNV presence | 0.76 | 0.478 | −0.087 | −0.290 | (−0.547, −0.033) | — | — | — | — |
| Red-eyed vireo | WNV arrival lag 1 y* | WNV arrival | 0.44 | 0.615 | 0.468 | −0.301 | (−0.683, 0.080) | −0.033 | (−0.117, 0.051) | −0.453 | (−0.906, −0.001) |
| Yellow-breasted chat | WNV presence lag 1 y* | WNV presence | 0.54 | 0.494 | −0.026 | 0.036 | (-−.105, 0.177) | 0.016 | (−0.056, 0.088) | −0.157 | (−0.294, −0.019) |
| White-eyed vireo | WNV arrival* | WNV arrival | 0.99 | 0.504 | 0.017 | 0.355 | (0.012, 0.697) | 0.109 | (0.026, 0.193) | −0.525 | (−0.84, −0.209) |
| House wren | WNV presence | WNV presence | 0.69 | 0.377 | −0.501 | −0.012 | (−0.187, 0.163) | −0.090 | (−0.194, 0.013) | 0.225 | (0.059, 0.391) |
| Ovenbird | WNV risk* | WNV presence | 0.68 | 0.564 | 0.256 | −0.088 | (−0.174, −0.002) | −0.069 | (−0.147, 0.009) | — | — |
| Carolina wren | WNV arrival lag 1 y* | WNV arrival | 0.91 | 0.397 | −0.419 | −0.448 | (−0.772, −0.124) | — | — | — | — |
| Orange-crowned warbler | WNV risk† | WNV presence | 0.70 | 0.398 | −0.412 | 0.008 | (−0.123, 0.14) | 0.048 | (−0.075, 0.171) | −0.300 | (−0.628, 0.029) |
| Purple finch | WNV presence* | WNV presence | 0.58 | 0.572 | 0.289 | −0.411 | (−0.861, 0.039) | 0.217 | (-0.099, 0.533) | −0.943 | (−1.707, −0.179) |
| Spotted towhee | WNV arrival* | WNV arrival | 0.60 | 0.529 | 0.118 | −0.122 | (−0.449, 0.205) | 0.146 | (0.067, 0.225) | −0.283 | (−0.559, −0.008) |
| Acadian flycatcher | WNV arrival | WNV arrival | 0.47 | 0.515 | 0.061 | 0.297 | (−0.07, 0.665) | — | — | — | — |
| Black-capped chickadee | WNV arrival | WNV arrival | 0.50 | 0.455 | −0.181 | 0.300 | (−0.079, 0.678) | — | — | — | — |
| Western flycatcher | WNV risk | WNV presence | 0.62 | 0.493 | −0.027 | −0.138 | (−0.319, 0.042) | — | — | — | — |
| Traill's flycatcher | — | — | — | 0.491 | −0.034 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| American redstart | WNV risk | WNV presence | 1.00 | 0.527 | 0.110 | −0.028 | (−0.268, 0.212) | −0.021 | (−0.187, 0.145) | 0.454 | (0.096, 0.813) |
| Dusky flycatcher | WNV arrival | WNV arrival | 0.55 | 0.506 | 0.023 | −0.325 | (−0.774, 0.123) | −0.113 | (−0.203, −0.023) | 0.311 | (−0.062, 0.684) |
| Bewick's wren | WNV arrival lag 1 y | WNV arrival | 0.57 | 0.436 | −0.256 | 0.233 | (−0.13, 0.596) | 0.049 | (−0.029, 0.128) | 0.353 | (0.006, 0.699) |
| Lincoln's sparrow | — | — | — | 0.408 | −0.373 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kentucky warbler | — | — | — | 0.493 | −0.028 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Veery | — | — | — | 0.619 | 0.484 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Wrentit | WNV presence* | WNV presence | 0.96 | 0.637 | 0.562 | −0.394 | (−0.605, −0.183) | 0.113 | (0.01, 0.215) | — | — |
| Field sparrow | WNV arrival lag 1 y* | WNV arrival | 1.00 | 0.437 | −0.253 | −1.056 | (−1.709, −0.403) | 0.014 | (−0.109, 0.137) | −0.880 | (−1.525, −0.236) |
| Painted bunting | — | — | — | 0.616 | 0.474 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hermit thrush | WNV presence lag 1 y | WNV presence | 0.61 | 0.521 | 0.085 | −0.230 | (−0.583, 0.122) | −0.101 | (−0.225, 0.023) | — | — |
| Brown-headed cowbird | WNV risk | WNV presence | 0.59 | 0.516 | 0.065 | 0.070 | (−0.053, 0.193) | 0.113 | (−0.00003, 0.226) | — | — |
| Western wood-pewee | WNV arrival lag 1 y* | WNV arrival | 0.52 | 0.549 | 0.198 | −0.174 | (−0.718, 0.37) | 0.149 | (0.045, 0.253) | −0.515 | (−1.029, −0.002) |
| Tufted titmouse | WNV risk* | WNV presence | 1.00 | 0.490 | −0.042 | −0.370 | (−0.543, −0.197) | 0.163 | (0.026, 0.301) | — | — |
| Hooded warbler | — | — | — | 0.410 | −0.366 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| White-crowned sparrow | WNV risk† | WNV presence | 0.69 | 0.413 | −0.354 | −1.117 | (-2.363, 0.129) | −0.178 | (−0.387, 0.032) | — | — |
| Blue-winged warbler | — | — | — | 0.541 | 0.164 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Fox sparrow | WNV arrival* | WNV arrival | 0.47 | 0.558 | 0.233 | −0.853 | (−1.655, −0.05) | −0.127 | (−0.3, 0.046) | — | — |
| Hammond’s flycatcher | WNV risk | WNV presence | 0.68 | 0.446 | −0.216 | −0.305 | (-0.806, 0.197) | −0.092 | (−0.299, 0.114) | 0.500 | (0.096, 0.905) |
| Downy woodpecker | WNV arrival* | WNV arrival | 0.75 | 0.536 | 0.145 | −1.273 | (−2.237, −0.309) | — | — | — | — |
| Summer tanager | — | — | — | 0.692 | 0.811 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Eastern towhee | WNV risk* | WNV presence | 0.64 | 0.345 | −0.642 | 0.309 | (−0.065, 0.683) | −0.202 | (−0.499, 0.095) | −0.352 | (−0.703, −0.001) |
WNV classification (WNV arrival or presence; for phylogenetic analyses), cumulative support for those classifications (based on cumulative model weights of all models with WNV arrival or presence covariates, expressed as a proportion), and annual average survival estimates from these top-ranked models for each species are also provided. Standardized β-coefficients are provided for each variable only if present in the top model. Significant effects for each species are boldface; WNV risk signifies continuous WNV risk covariate.
*
Effect of WNV or climate (including interactions) was significant (P < 0.05).
†
Effect of WNV or climate (including interactions) was marginally significant (0.05 < P < 0.10).