Table 3.

Summary of mixed-effects logistic regression adjusted for patient’s age, level of education, and marital status (n = 123 to 129)

	Incident PSA test			≥1 repeated normal PSA tests			≥1 repeated raised PSA tests
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Patient age, years	1.05	1.05 to 1.06	<0.001	1.07	1.07 to 1.08	<0.001	1.10	1.09 to 1.10	<0.001
Education
Low	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Middle	1.25	1.10 to 1.41	<0.001	1.42	1.24 to 1.63	<0.001	1.33	1.09 to 1.61	0.005
High	1.19	1.04 to 1.36	0.011	1.63	1.33 to 1.99	<0.001	1.81	1.42 to 2.29	<0.001
Marital status
Cohabiting	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Single	0.78	0.70 to 0.86	<0.001	0.59	0.50 to 0.69	<0.001	0.69	0.56 to 0.85	<0.001
Risk attitudes of GPs
Anxiety caused by uncertainty	1.03	1.00 to 1.06	0.025	1.03	0.99 to 1.07	0.128	0.99	0.95 to 1.03	0.631
Concern about bad outcomes	1.04	1.00 to 1.08	0.034	1.03	0.98 to 1.08	0.278	0.98	0.93 to 1.03	0.470
Reluctance to disclose mistakes to physicians	1.01	0.97 to 1.06	0.539	1.03	0.96 to 1.11	0.371	0.98	0.90 to 1.06	0.584
Reluctance to disclose uncertainty to patients	0.99	0.97 to 1.02	0.631	0.96	0.92 to 1.00	0.050	0.98	0.95 to 1.02	0.341
Tolerance for ambiguity	0.98	0.96 to 1.00	0.025	0.96	0.94 to 0.99	0.009	1.00	0.96 to 1.03	0.825
Physician risk attitude	0.99	0.97 to 1.01	0.416	0.97	0.93 to 1.00	0.047	0.99	0.96 to 1.02	0.432
Empathy	1.00	0.99 to 1.01	0.982	1.00	0.99 to 1.01	0.604	1.01	1.00 to 1.02	0.154
Burnout
No burnout	Ref.			Ref.			Ref.
Burnout	1.15	0.90 to 1.48	0.270	1.18	0.85 to 1.63	0.337	1.30	0.96 to 1.77	0.093

OR = odds ratio. PSA = prostate specific antigen. Ref. = reference.