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. 2015 Oct;56(5):447–459. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2015.56.447

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Copyright © 2015 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Enzymes that catalyze major steps in metabolic conversion of ethylene glycol (EG) to the end product oxalate in the liver. The first step, conversion of EG to glycoaldehyde, is catalyzed by cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenases 1 (Adh1; EC 1.1.1.1). Glycoaldehyde is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) to glycolate (glycolic acid), which is subsequently metabolized to glyoxylate (glyoxylic acid) by hydroxy-acid oxidase 1 (Hao1; EC 1.1.3.15), and then converted by lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) to oxalate (oxalic acid). Modified from Williams and Wilson (64) and Hagler and Herman (65).