Table 2.
Association of TV viewing and cause-specific mortality: NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.
| Television viewing (h/day) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 | 1–2 | 3–4 | 5–6 | >7 | P for trend | |||
| All Participants (N) | 17,035 | 68,281 | 97,993 | 31,003 | 8,990 | |||
| All causes | No. of deaths | 36,590 | 1,851 | 9,368 | 16,722 | 6,452 | 2,197 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.06 (1.00, 1.11) | 1.15 (1.09, 1.20) | 1.25 (1.19, 1.32) | 1.47 (1.38, 1.56) | <0.001 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.15 (1.09, 1.21) | 1.33 (1.25, 1.41) | <0.001 | ||
| Cancer | No. of deaths | 15,161 | 854 | 4026 | 6933 | 2555 | 793 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29) | <0.001 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 1.12 (1.02, 1.24) | <0.01 | ||
| CHD | No. of deaths | 7,340 | 319 | 1805 | 3374 | 1328 | 514 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.17 (1.04, 1.32) | 1.33 (1.19, 1.50) | 1.50 (1.32, 1.69) | 2.02 (1.75, 2.33) | <0.001 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | 1.19 (1.06, 1.33) | 1.26 (1.11, 1.43) | 1.64 (1.42, 1.90) | <0.001 | ||
| Stroke | No. of deaths | 1,748 | 100 | 461 | 792 | 310 | 85 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.24) | 1.10 (0.87, 1.38) | 1.04 (0.78, 1.40) | 0.19 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 0.94 (0.76, 1.17) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.19) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.30) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.30) | 0.54 | ||
| COPD | No. of deaths | 1,522 | 49 | 304 | 706 | 341 | 122 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.13 (0.84, 1.53) | 1.35 (1.01, 1.81) | 1.55 (1.15, 2.10) | 1.72 (1.23, 2.41) | <0.001 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 1.08 (0.80, 1.46) | 1.26 (0.94, 1.68) | 1.42 (1.05, 1.92) | 1.54 (1.10, 2.16) | <0.001 | ||
| Accidents | No. of deaths | 919 | 61 | 276 | 390 | 152 | 40 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 0.97 (0.74, 1.28) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.15) | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.95 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 0.97 (0.71, 1.31) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.36) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.67) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.64) | 0.62 | ||
| Alzheimer disease | No. of deaths | 796 | 36 | 235 | 354 | 136 | 35 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.36 (0.96, 1.94) | 1.27 (0.90, 1.80) | 1.43 (0.99, 2.08) | 1.39 (0.87, 2.23) | 0.27 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 1.37 (0.97, 1.95) | 1.29 (0.91, 1.83) | 1.48 (1.01, 2.15) | 1.46 (0.91, 2.34) | 0.17 | ||
| Diabetes | No. of deaths | 767 | 30 | 138 | 365 | 164 | 70 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 0.98 (0.66, 1.45) | 1.59 (1.09, 2.32) | 2.05 (1.38, 3.04) | 2.95 (1.91, 4.57) | <0.001 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 0.84 (0.57, 1.25) | 1.24 (0.85, 1.80) | 1.41 (0.95, 2.10) | 1.93 (1.24, 2.98) | <0.001 | ||
| Influenza/pneumonia | No. of deaths | 550 | 22 | 149 | 244 | 92 | 43 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.36 (0.87, 2.12) | 1.33 (0.86, 2.06) | 1.42 (0.89, 2.28) | 2.41 (1.43, 4.06) | 0.01 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 1.30 (0.83, 2.04) | 1.25 (0.80, 1.94) | 1.30 (0.81, 2.10) | 2.18 (1.29, 3.69) | 0.03 | ||
| Parkinson disease | No. of deaths | 513 | 29 | 125 | 252 | 79 | 28 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 0.91 (0.60, 1.36) | 1.19 (0.81, 1.76) | 1.17 (0.76, 1.80) | 1.70 (1.00, 2.88) | 0.01 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 0.92 (0.61, 1.38) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.81) | 1.21 (0.78, 1.87) | 1.77 (1.04, 3.02) | 0.00 | ||
| Kidney disease | No. of deaths | 429 | 22 | 87 | 210 | 76 | 34 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 0.78 (0.49, 1.25) | 1.08 (0.69, 1.68) | 1.04 (0.64, 1.69) | 1.54 (0.89, 2.66) | 0.01 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 0.72 (0.45, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.60, 1.47) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.38) | 1.22 (0.70, 2.11) | 0.13 | ||
| Sepsis | No. of deaths | 395 | 13 | 86 | 198 | 68 | 30 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.33 (0.74, 2.38) | 1.76 (1.00, 3.11) | 1.64 (0.90, 3.00) | 2.40 (1.24, 4.66) | <0.01 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 1.23 (0.68, 2.20) | 1.53 (0.87, 2.70) | 1.32 (0.72, 2.42) | 1.85 (0.95, 3.59) | 0.09 | ||
| Liver disease | No. of deaths | 374 | 19 | 92 | 159 | 75 | 29 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.04 (0.63, 1.70) | 1.12 (0.69, 1.81) | 1.52 (0.91, 2.54) | 2.04 (1.13, 3.67) | <0.01 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 0.96 (0.59, 1.58) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.60) | 1.27 (0.76, 2.13) | 1.65 (0.91, 2.99) | 0.02 | ||
| Suicide | No. of deaths | 292 | 14 | 70 | 140 | 55 | 13 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.07 (0.60, 1.91) | 1.40 (0.80, 2.44) | 1.70 (0.93, 3.09) | 1.48 (0.69, 3.18) | 0.01 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 1.10 (0.62, 1.96) | 1.46 (0.83, 2.55) | 1.79 (0.98, 3.27) | 1.55 (0.72, 3.36) | 0.01 | ||
| Hypertension | No. of deaths | 267 | 12 | 63 | 121 | 56 | 15 | |
| Model 1 | ref | 1.13 (0.61, 2.09) | 1.31 (0.72, 2.39) | 1.67 (0.89, 3.16) | 1.52 (0.70, 3.29) | 0.03 | ||
| Model 2 | ref | 1.04 (0.56, 1.93) | 1.14 (0.62, 2.08) | 1.38 (0.73, 2.62) | 1.22 (0.56, 2.65) | 0.18 | ||
Note: Values are Hazard Ratio (95% CI). P for trend was determined by entering the midpoint of each category a model as a continuous variable.
Model 1 was adjusted for age (yrs), sex, race (white, black, other, missing), education (<12 yrs, high school graduate, some college, college graduate, missing), smoking history (never; quit, ≤20 cigarettes/day; quit, >20 cigarettes/day; current, ≤20 cigarettes/day; current, >20 cigarettes/day; unknown), MVPA (never or rarely, 1, 1–3, 4–7, ≥7 h/wk) and diet quality (quintiles).
Model 2 was adjusted for the above plus BMI categories (18.5 to <25, 25–<30, 30–35 and >35 kg/m2) and health status (good, very good, excellent)