Table 5.
Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for specific congenital anomalies according to maternal exposure to emissions to PM10 from vehicular traffic in Reggio Emilia, northern Italy, 1998–20061
| Average PM10(µg/m3)
Continuous exposure, 1 unit increase |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | OR2(95%CI) | P | |
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | 5 | 0.04 (0.00–23.78) | 0.317 |
| Ventricular septal defect | 48 | 1.05 (0.84–1.32) | 0.670 |
| Atrial septal defect | 14 | 1.11 (0.66–1.86) | 0.688 |
| Esophageal atresia | 2 | 0.68 (0.12–3.73) | 0.657 |
| Varus deformity of foot | 11 | 1.02 (0.60–1.73) | 0.937 |
| Valgus deformity of foot | 4 | 2.10 (0.36–12.30) | 0.411 |
| Limb defects overall considered | 14 | 2.08 (0.78–5.56) | 0.143 |
| Reduction deformities of the limb | 3 | 0.08 (0.00–3.51) | 0.194 |
| Syndactyly, | 1 | 1.87(0.92–3.79) | 0.083 |
| Polydactyly | 8 | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) | 0.515 |
| Anomalies of abdominal wall | 4 | 1.24 (0.86–1.76) | 0.246 |
| Hypospadias | 3 | 0.56 (0.11–2.88) | 0.484 |
| Spina bifida | 4 | 0.73 (0.27–1.96) | 0.531 |
| Down’s syndrome | 21 | 2.30 (0.92–5.74) | 0.074 |
| Edward’s syndrome | 10 | 2.16 (0.42–11.11) | 0.357 |
1
Adjusting for average exposure to the other pollutant in conditional logistic regression, except for reduction deformities of the limb, syndactyly, polydactyly, anomalies of abdominal wall and hypospadias for which an unconditional logistic regression model adjusted for maternal age was used