Table 2. Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality according to different levels of HbA1c at baseline and during follow-up among patients with type 2 diabetes.
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| <6.0 (<42) | 6.0-6.9 (42-52) | 7.0-7.9 (53-63) | 8.0-8.9 (64-74) | 9.0-9.9 (75-85) | 10.0-10.9 (86-96) | ≥11.0 (≥97) | |
| Male | |||||||
| Baseline | |||||||
| No. of participants | 3,532 | 3,067 | 1,757 | 1,146 | 984 | 869 | 1,979 |
| No. of cases | 567 | 516 | 302 | 175 | 141 | 124 | 257 |
| Person-years | 26,526 | 25,390 | 15,176 | 10,193 | 8,455 | 7,527 | 16,093 |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Model 1 | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.89-1.18) | 0.98 (0.83-1.17) | 1.11 (0.92-1.33) | 1.17 (0.96-1.42) | 1.32 (1.13-1.54) |
| Model 2 | 1.17 (1.01-1.36) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.92-1.30) | 0.97 (0.79-1.21) | 1.24 (0.99-1.54) | 1.26 (0.99-1.60) | 1.41 (1.17-1.71) |
| Model 3 | 1.06 (0.92-1.24) | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.92-1.30) | 0.93 (0.75-1.16) | 1.26 (1.01-1.58) | 1.18 (0.93-1.51) | 1.31 (1.08-1.60) |
| Follow-up | |||||||
| No. of participants | 3,031 | 3,256 | 2,446 | 1,713 | 1,162 | 787 | 939 |
| No. of cases | 547 | 518 | 368 | 244 | 159 | 109 | 137 |
| Person-years | 21,525 | 26,372 | 21,446 | 15,244 | 10,316 | 6,862 | 7,596 |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Model 1 | 1.47 (1.30-1.66) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.81-1.06) | 1.03 (0.88-1.20) | 1.15 (0.96-1.38) | 1.37 (1.10-1.69) | 1.81 (1.49-2.20) |
| Model 2 | 1.44 (1.25-1.67) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.77-1.07) | 1.18 (0.98-1.42) | 1.32 (1.06-1.63) | 1.50 (1.16-1.94) | 1.82 (1.41-2.35) |
| Model 3 | 1.22 (1.05-1.42) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.76-1.06) | 1.09 (0.90-1.32) | 1.19 (0.95-1.49) | 1.31 (1.01-1.71) | 1.48 (1.14-1.93) |
| Female | |||||||
| Baseline | |||||||
| No. of participants | 5,885 | 6,150 | 3,195 | 1,973 | 1,395 | 998 | 2,331 |
| No. of cases | 567 | 516 | 302 | 175 | 141 | 124 | 257 |
| Person-years | 26,526 | 25,390 | 15,176 | 10,193 | 8,455 | 7,527 | 16,093 |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Model 1 | 1.29 (1.15-1.46) | 1.00 | 1.16 (1.01-1.33) | 1.18 (1.00-1.39) | 1.36 (1.13-1.64) | 1.55 (1.25-1.91) | 1.92 (1.65-2.24) |
| Model 2 | 1.30 (1.12-1.50) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.86-1.21) | 1.16 (0.94-1.43) | 1.43 (1.14-1.79) | 1.51 (1.16-1.96) | 1.95 (1.61-2.37) |
| Model 3 | 1.21 (1.04-1.41) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.85-1.20) | 1.08 (0.87-1.34) | 1.30 (1.03-1.64) | 1.30 (1.00-1.69) | 1.74 (1.42-2.13) |
| Follow-up | |||||||
| No. of participants | 5,192 | 6,400 | 4,012 | 2,479 | 1,660 | 1,059 | 1,125 |
| No. of cases | 539 | 579 | 386 | 224 | 159 | 118 | 112 |
| Person-years | 40,144 | 55,568 | 38,516 | 24,504 | 16,743 | 10,619 | 10,428 |
| HR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Model 1 | 1.40 (1.24-1.57) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.94-1.22) | 1.14 (0.97-1.33) | 1.34 (1.12-1.60) | 1.86 (1.52-2.28) | 2.16 (1.75-2.67) |
| Model 2 | 1.48 (1.28-1.72) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.94-1.30) | 1.10 (0.90-1.34) | 1.35 (1.08-1.69) | 2.08 (1.62-2.68) | 2.27 (1.71-3.03) |
| Model 3 | 1.30 (1.11-1.51) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.88-1.22) | 0.94 (0.77-1.16) | 1.16 (0.91-1.46) | 1.78 (1.37-2.31) | 1.80 (1.34-2.42) |
| Total | |||||||
| Baseline | |||||||
| No. of participants | 9,417 | 9,217 | 4,952 | 3,119 | 2,379 | 1,867 | 4,310 |
| No. of cases | 1134 | 1032 | 604 | 350 | 282 | 248 | 514 |
| Person-years | 53,052 | 50,780 | 30,352 | 20,386 | 16,910 | 15,054 | 32,186 |
| HR (95% CI)* | |||||||
| Model 1 | 1.23 (1.13-1.33) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.99-1.21) | 1.08 (0.96-1.22) | 1.23 (1.08-1.41) | 1.35 (1.17-1.56) | 1.60 (1.43-1.78) |
| Model 2 | 1.24 (1.12-1.38) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.93-1.19) | 1.07 (0.92-1.24) | 1.34 (1.14-1.57) | 1.39 (1.16-1.66) | 1.67 (1.45-1.91) |
| Model 3 | 1.15 (1.03-1.28) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.93-1.19) | 1.01 (0.87-1.17) | 1.29 (1.10-1.52) | 1.25 (1.05-1.50) | 1.52 (1.32-1.75) |
| Follow-up | |||||||
| No. of participants | 8,223 | 9,656 | 6,458 | 4,192 | 2,822 | 1,846 | 2,064 |
| No. of cases | 1086 | 1097 | 754 | 468 | 318 | 227 | 249 |
| Person-years | 61,669 | 81,940 | 59,962 | 39,748 | 27,059 | 17,481 | 18,024 |
| HR (95% CI)* | |||||||
| Model 1 | 1.44 (1.32-1.57) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.91-1.09) | 1.08 (0.97-1.21) | 1.24 (1.09-1.41) | 1.60 (1.38-1.85) | 1.98 (1.72-2.29) |
| Model 2 | 1.48 (1.34-1.64) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.90-1.13) | 1.15 (1.01-1.32) | 1.36 (1.16-1.59) | 1.77 (1.48-2.12) | 2.05 (1.69-2.47) |
| Model 3 | 1.27 (1.14-1.42) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.86-1.08) | 1.03 (0.89-1.18) | 1.19 (1.01-1.40) | 1.52 (1.26-1.83) | 1.64 (1.35-1.99) |
Model 1 adjusted for age and race.
Model 2 adjusted for age, race, types of insurance, income, smoking, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and glomerular filtration rate at baseline (in baseline analyses) and during follow-up (in the follow-up analyses).
Model 3 adjusted for variables in Model 2, and also for use of antihypertensive drugs, glucose-lowering agents, and cholesterol-lowering agents at baseline (in baseline analyses) and during follow-up (in the follow-up analyses).
*
Gender was additional adjusted in Model 1, 2, 3 among the total patients.