Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of REGARDS Participants by Exposure to Secondhand Smoke (n=21,743)
| Characteristic | SHS Exposure a (n =5,081) n (%), mean + SD, median (range) | No SHS Exposure b (n=16,662) n (%), mean + SD, median (range) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62.9 + 8.7 | 65.6 + 9.5 | <0.001 |
| 45–64 | 3,023 (60) | 7,874 (47) | <0.001 |
| >65 | 2,058 (41) | 8,788 (53) | |
| African-American | 2,231 (44) | 6,106 (37) | <0.001 |
| Female | 2,675 (53) | 9,283 (56) | <0.001 |
| Region | |||
| Belt | 2,861 (56) | 9,187 (55) | 0.14 |
| Non-belt | 2,220 (44) | 7,475 (45) | |
| Education | |||
| <High school | 577 (11) | 1,629 (10) | <0.001 |
| High school graduate | 1,472 (29) | 3,893 (23) | |
| Some college | 1,434 (28) | 4,348 (26) | |
| >College graduate | 1,598 (31) | 6,783 (41) | |
| Income, $ | |||
| <20,000 | 865 (17) | 2,430 (15) | <0.001 |
| 20,000–34,000 | 1,258 (25) | 3,804 (23) | |
| 35,000–74,000 | 1,695 (33) | 5,231 (31) | |
| >75,000 | 769 (15) | 3,173 (19) | |
| Refused | 494 (10) | 2,024 (12) | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| None | 2,890 (57) | 10,511 (63) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 1,850 (36) | 5,408 (32) | |
| Heavy | 244 (5) | 496 (3) | |
| Smoking history | |||
| Never | 2,413 (48) | 9,251 (56) | <0.001 |
| Former | 2,668 (53) | 7,441 (45) | |
| Reside with regular smoker | 1,216 (24) | 938 (6) | <0.001 |
| Exercise | |||
| None | 1,533 (30) | 5,277 (32) | 0.01 |
| 1–3 times/wk | 1,973 (39) | 6,065 (36) | |
| >4 times/wk | 1,507 (30) | 5,113 (31) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 403 (8) | 1302 (8) | 0.80 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 + 6.1 | 29.3 + 6.1 | <0.001 |
| Underweight | 27 (1) | 126 (1) | <0.001 |
| Normal | 923 (18) | 3,930 (24) | |
| Overweight | 1,873 (37) | 6,266 (38) | |
| Obese | 2,212 (44) | 6,246 (37) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 98.1 + 15.8 | 95.6 + 15.5 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease history | 772 (15) | 2,628 (16) | 0.33 |
| Diabetes | 1,115 (22) | 3,142 (19) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), (IQR) | 2.3 (4.1) | 2.0 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| White blood cell count | 5.9 + 5.0 | 5.7 + 2.1 | 0.048 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128 + 17 | 127 + 16 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 3,021 (59) | 9,279 (56) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, SR | 2,987 (59) | 9,107 (55) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 2,919 (57) | 9,223 (55) | 0.01 |
| Antihypertensive medication | |||
| Ever | 2,809 (55) | 8,587 (52) | <0.001 |
| Current | 2,634 (52) | 8,079 (48) | <0.001 |
| Framingham Stroke Risk Score | 5.6 (0.5 – 82.9) | 6.2 (0.5 – 93.9) | 0.70 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 517 (10.3) | 1,621 (9.9) | 0.38 |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
SHS, secondhand smoke; $, U.S. dollar; wk, week; IQR, interquartile range; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DPB, diastolic blood pressure; SR, self-reported; med, medication; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
a
Secondhand smoke exposure was defined as >1 hour per week in close contact with a smoker(s) in the past year.
b
No secondhand smoke exposure was defined as 0 to 1 hour per week in close contact with a smoker(s) in the past year.