(a) Illustration of the surface of charge density σ and the bulk inverse Debye screening length κ for oppositely charged probe molecules to adsorb. z is the distance from the interface. (b) Malachite Green (MG), a cationic SHG probe molecule, the adsorption isotherm at the air-ion solution interface with 1M bulk KCl concentration in solution, with data taken from ref. 64. The SHG field is proportional to the adsorbed MG concentration. In the inset, the SHG field is plotted over the natural logarithm of the bulk MG concentration, ln c, with the solid, a linear fit with Eq. (7).