Legend, illustrations of intestinal small intestinal seg-ment in the no-load, zero-stress and deformed states. C, h, α, denoted the circumference, thickness, and opening angle, respectively. The subscripts n, z, d denoted the no-load state, zero stress state and deformed state, respectively. The sub-scripts i, o referred to the inner (mucosal) surface, outer (serosal) surface, respectively.