Figure 1.

Schematic of the calcium handling model. ROS are produced by Nox2 at the Ca²⁺ release site as a result of stretching. Only one of the 20,000 Ca²⁺ release units is shown. Purple circles indicate calcium ions (Ca²⁺). NCX, Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger; PMCA, plasmalemmal Ca²⁺-ATPase; I_Na, sodium current; I_to, transient outward potassium current; I_K1, potassium current; LCC, L-type Ca²⁺ current; RYR2, ryanodine receptor channel; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Nox2, NADPH oxidase type 2; CSQ, calsequestrin; JSR, junctional SR; NSR, network SR; CaM, calmodulin; GSH, reduced glutathione. To see this figure in color, go online.