MLE-12 cell migration and the increase in E were blocked by serum deprivation and cytoD treatment. (A) Light-microscopy images of the initial wounds and wounds after 24 h. (B) The remaining denuded area is shown as a function of time for three conditions. At time 0, the wound is 100% open. (C) Whereas control serum-treated cells showed a significant increase in E at the later time, no increase in E was observed in serum-free (SF) cells. Similarly, there was no increase in E in cytoD-treated (CD) cells compared with control cells at time 1. NW, nonwounded cells (n = 3, ∗p < 0.05).