Table 3.
Unadjusted means of College Learning Effectiveness Inventory (CLEI) and computer cognitive tasks at week 3 and week 15 for the intervention group and control group (N = 282).
| Variable | Mean (standard deviation) | P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | ||||||
| Pretest score (week 3) |
Posttest score (week 15) |
Δ score | Pretest score (week 3) |
Posttest score (week 15) |
Δ score | ||
| College Learning Effectiveness Inventory (CLEI) | n = 152 | n = 130 | |||||
|
| |||||||
| Full scale score | 127.3 ± 17.5 | 129.8 ± 17.5 | 2.5 ± 11.1 | 127.4 ± 19.2 | 127.7 ± 18.9 | 0.3 ± 9.2 | 0.063 |
| (1) Emotional satisfaction score | 17.4 ± 3.3 | 17.7 ± 3.3 | 0.3 ± 2.8 | 17.5 ± 3.5 | 17.7 ± 3.6 | 0.2 ± 2.1 | 0.641 |
| (2) Management score | 13.8 ± 2.7 | 14.0 ± 2.8 | 0.2 ± 2.2 | 13.2 ± 3.0 | 13.1 ± 2.8 | −0.1 ± 1.8 | 0.267 |
| (3) Achievement | 17.0 ± 3.0 | 17.1 ± 3.1 | 0.1 ± 2.4 | 17.1 ± 3.3 | 17.1 ± 3.3 | 0.0 ± 2.0 | 0.601 |
| (4) Stress | 17.3 ± 2.7 | 17.2 ± 2.7 | −0.1 ± 2.2 | 16.4 ± 3.4 | 16.5 ± 3.1 | 0.1 ± 2.0 | 0.541 |
| (5) Attention to study | 16.6 ± 3.3 | 16.5 ± 3.2 | −0.1 ± 2.4 | 16.3 ± 3.4 | 16.4 ± 3.1 | 0.2 ± 2.0 | 0.340 |
| (6) Class communication | 12.0 ± 2.4 | 11.8 ± 2.5 | −0.2 ± 1.7 | 12.5 ± 2.7 | 12.6 ± 2.5 | 0.1 ± 1.4 | 0.155 |
| (7) Confidence | 10.8 ± 2.1 | 10.8 ± 2.1 | −0.1 ± 1.8 | 10.6 ± 2.6 | 10.8 ± 2.5 | 0.2 ± 1.7 | 0.246 |
| (8) Involvement with college activity | 12.8 ± 2.1 | 12.8 ± 2.1 | 0.0 ± 2.1 | 13.0 ± 2.6 | 13.0 ± 2.5 | −0.1 ± 1.8 | 0.687 |
| (9) Friendship | 11.0 ± 2.0 | 10.6 ± 2.1 | −0.3 ± 1.9 | 10.7 ± 2.3 | 10.8 ± 2.1 | 0.1 ± 1.6 | 0.050 |
|
| |||||||
| Computer cognitive task | |||||||
|
| |||||||
| (1) Digit vigilance task | n = 112 | n = 66 | |||||
| Accuracy (%) | 81.8 ± 16.1 | 86.4 ± 11.8 | 4.6 ± 20.3 | 80.1 ± 14.5 | 81.6 ± 15.7 | 1.5 ± 21.9 | 0.348 |
| Reaction time (msec) | 32.8 ± 6.2 | 30.7 ± 4.6 | −2.1 ± 8.2 | 33.7 ± 6.0 | 33.3 ± 7.9 | −0.4 ± 10.5 | 0.247 |
| (2) Choice reaction time | n = 112 | n = 66 | |||||
| Accuracy (%) | 70.7 ± 17.7 | 75.0 ± 13.3 | 4.3 ± 22.2 | 65.4 ± 20.5 | 67.9 ± 20.6 | 2.5 ± 27.7 | 0.639 |
| Reaction time (msec) | 38.2 ± 9.1 | 38.4 ± 6.4 | 0.2 ± 10.4 | 37.6 ± 10.4 | 38.5 ± 9.2 | 0.9 ± 13.4 | 0.698 |
| (3) Spatial working memory | n = 112 | n = 66 | |||||
| Accuracy (%) | 83.6 ± 12.0 | 84.6 ± 6.5 | 1.0 ± 13.8 | 81.4 ± 12.9 | 81.3 ± 13.2 | −0.2 ± 17.7 | 0.620 |
| Reaction time (msec) | 21.7 ± 5.5 | 20.9 ± 4.1 | −0.8 ± 6.7 | 21.2 ± 6.7 | 22.0 ± 7.9 | 0.8 ± 10.7 | 0.220 |
| (4) Memory scanning task | n = 109 | n = 64 | |||||
| Accuracy (%) | 83.7 ± 14.7 | 84.6 ± 9.4 | 0.8 ± 17.4 | 82.3 ± 12.6 | 82.5 ± 12.9 | 0.1 ± 18.3 | 0.805 |
| Reaction time (msec) | 33.7 ± 6.5 | 32.0 ± 4.8 | −1.8 ± 7.9 | 33.7 ± 5.2 | 32.8 ± 5.5 | −0.8 ± 7.6 | 0.450 |
P values were calculated by independent t-test comparing Δ between intervention group and control group.
Δ: posttest values minus pretest values.