Table 2.
Comparison of changes in PSC and NDI over time for each treatment group.
| Measure | Groups | Baseline mean (SD) | Follow-up mean (95% CI) | Follow-up versus baseline | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference (95% CI) | P value | ||||
| PSC | DN-S | 19.2 ± 6.4 | 18.2 (15.3 to 21.1) | −1.0 (−3.6 to 1.6) | 0.45 |
| STT | 17.5 ± 4.5 | 16.4 (13.4 to 19.3) | −1.1 (−3.7 to 1.5) | 0.41 | |
| OMT | 18.3 ± 4.2 | 13.1 (10.1 to 16.0) | −5.2 (−8.0 to −2.6) | 0.001∗ | |
|
| |||||
| NDI | DN-S | 18.0 ± 5.4 | 12.2 (8.6 to 15.6) | −5.8 (−9.1 to−2.5) | 0.001∗ |
| STT | 17.4 ± 4.8 | 15.2 (11.6 to 18.7) | −2.2 (−5.5 to 1.0) | 0.17 | |
| OMT | 18.5 ± 3.2 | 10.0 (6.5 to 13.5) | −8.6 (−11.8 to −5.2) | 0.001∗ | |
PSC = pain catastrophizing scale, NDI = neck disability index, DN-S = dry needling + stretching, STT = soft tissue techniques, OMT = orthopedic manual therapy, and 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. ∗ P < 0.001.