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. 2015 Nov 23;211(4):913–931. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201502074

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Delivery of type III and type IV effectors into eukaryotic cells. (a) TNF-induced phosphorylation of p38 is abolished by translocated OspF. Phospho-p38 (indicated by the arrow) and total p38 revealed by Western blot analysis of HeLa cells infected for 75 min with the indicated strains at an MOI of 100. Cells were stimulated with TNF for the last 30 min of infection. (b) Translocated SopB induces Akt phosphorylation at T308 and S473. Phospho-Akt and actin Western blot analysis of HeLa cells infected for 22.5 or 45 min with the indicated strains at an MOI of 100. (c) Translocated SopE induces a dramatic remodelling of F-actin. HeLa cells were infected with the indicated strains at an MOI of 100 for the indicated time periods. After fixation, cells were stained for nuclei (blue) and F-actin (red). Bars, 50 µm. (d) T3S-based protein delivery of BepA type IV effector. Measurements of cAMP levels in HeLa cells infected for 2.5 h with the indicated strains at an MOI of 100. As positive control, cholera toxin (CT) was added for 1 h at indicated concentrations. Data correspond to the mean of n = 3 independent experiments, and error bars are standard errors of the mean. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney test (**, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ns, not significant).