Table 1.
The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics according to the tertile of the World Health Organization Quality of Life- Brief (WHOQOL-BREF)
| Tertile WHOQoL-BREF total score, n (%) | X 2 | P * | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Totala | Lowb | Intermediateb | Highb | ||||
| Health Clinic | Seri Kembangan | 218 (31.4) | 79 (36.2) | 75 (34.4) | 64 (29.4) | 12.40 | 0.015 |
| Dengkil | 123 (17.7) | 43 (35.0) | 50 (40.7) | 30 (24.4) | |||
| Salak | 353 (50.9) | 107 (30.3) | 107 (30.3) | 139 (39.4) | |||
| Age, year | ≤50 | 186 (26.9) | 62 (33.3) | 52 (28.0) | 72 (38.7) | 5.90 | 0.206 |
| 51–60 | 268 (38.7) | 90 (33.6) | 88 (32.8) | 90 (33.6) | |||
| >60 | 238 (34.4) | 76 (31.9) | 91 (38.2) | 71 (29.8) | |||
| Diabetes Duration, year | <5 | 341 (50.8) | 111 (32.6) | 106 (31.1) | 124 (36.4) | 8.61 | 0.072 |
| 5–9.9 | 187 (27.9) | 58 (31.0) | 60 (32.1) | 69 (36.9) | |||
| ≥10 | 143 (21.3) | 52 (36.4) | 57 (39.9) | 34 (23.8) | |||
| Gender | Female | 365 (52.8) | 120 (32.9) | 127 (34.8) | 118 (32.3) | 0.79 | 0.673 |
| Male | 326 (47.2) | 106 (32.5) | 105 (32.2) | 115 (35.3) | |||
| Ethnicity | Malay | 365 (53.1) | 109 (29.9) | 120 (32.9) | 136 (37.3) | 16.48 | 0.002 |
| Chinese | 160 (23.3) | 73 (45.6) | 46 (28.8) | 41 (25.6) | |||
| Indian | 163 (23.7) | 46 (28.2) | 62 (38.0) | 55 (33.7) | |||
| Religion | No religion | 32 (4.6) | 13 (40.6) | 10 (31.3) | 9 (28.1) | 26.22 | 0.003 |
| Moslem | 373 (53.9) | 109 (29.2) | 124 (33.2) | 140 (37.5) | |||
| Buddhist | 81 (11.7) | 45 (55.6) | 19 (23.5) | 17 (21.0) | |||
| Hinduism/Sikh | 147 (21.2) | 41 (27.9) | 57 (38.8) | 49 (33.3) | |||
| Christian/Catholic | 22 (3.2) | 7 (31.8) | 7 (31.8) | 8 (36.4) | |||
| Others | 37 (5.3) | 13 (35.1) | 14 (37.8) | 10 (27.0) | |||
| Religiosity | Religious | 590 (85.5) | 183 (31.0) | 197 (33.4) | 210 (35.6) | 11.95 | 0.018 |
| Unsure | 24 (3.5) | 13 (54.2) | 9 (37.5) | 2 (8.3) | |||
| Not religious | 76 (11.0) | 31 (40.8) | 25 (32.9) | 20 (26.3) | |||
| Marital status | Married/living with a partner | 546 (79.1) | 176 (32.2) | 184 (33.7) | 186 (34.1) | 4.69 | 0.584 |
| Widowed | 97 (14.1) | 30 (30.9) | 35 (36.1) | 32 (33.0) | |||
| Divorced/separated | 21 (3.0) | 11 (52.4) | 4 (19.0) | 6 (28.6) | |||
| Single | 26 (3.8) | 10 (38.5) | 8 (30.8) | 8 (30.8) | |||
| Education | Never | 45 (6.6) | 18 (40.0) | 16 (35.6) | 11 (24.4) | 7.15 | 0.128 |
| Primary & secondary | 563 (82.4) | 185 (32.9) | 195 (34.6) | 183 (32.5) | |||
| Tertiary | 75 (11.0) | 22 (29.3) | 19 (25.3) | 34 (45.3) | |||
| Employment | Retired/home manager | 368 (53.3) | 127 (34.5) | 131 (35.6) | 110 (29.9) | 7.64 | 0.106 |
| Employed | 312 (45.2) | 95 (30.4) | 98 (31.4) | 119 (38.1) | |||
| Unemployed | 11 (1.6) | 6 (54.5) | 2 (18.2) | 3 (27.3) | |||
| Income (RM) | <1000 | 323 (47.4) | 113 (35.0) | 101 (31.3) | 109 (33.7) | 3.32 | 0.506 |
| 1000–2999 | 320 (47.0) | 99 (30.9) | 115 (35.9) | 106 (33.1) | |||
| ≥3000 | 38 (5.6) | 9 (23.7) | 14 (36.8) | 15 (39.5) | |||
| Exercise | No | 293 (42.5) | 112 (38.2) | 91 (31.1) | 90 (30.7) | 10.94 | 0.027 |
| ≤3 times in a week | 231 (33.5) | 77 (33.3) | 79 (34.2) | 75 (32.5) | |||
| >3 times in a week | 166 (24.1) | 39 (23.5) | 60 (36.1) | 67 (40.4) | |||
| Smoking | Never | 526 (76.1) | 177 (33.7) | 175 (33.3) | 174 (33.1) | 5.14 | 0.273 |
| Stop > 5 years | 60 (8.7) | 20 (33.3) | 14 (23.3) | 26 (43.3) | |||
| Stop ≤ 5 years and active smoker | 105 (15.2) | 32 (30.5) | 41 (39.0) | 32 (30.5) | |||
| BMI, Kgm−2 | <23.0 | 76 (11.2) | 32 (42.1) | 22 (28.9) | 22 (28.9) | 7.75 | 0.101 |
| 23.0–27.4 | 237 (35.0) | 82 (34.6) | 82 (34.6) | 73 (30.8) | |||
| ≥27.5 | 365 (53.8) | 103 (28.1) | 125 (34.2) | 137 (37.5) | |||
| HbA1c, % | HbA1c ≥ 6.5 | 515 (83.3) | 168 (32.6) | 171 (33.2) | 176 (34.2) | 0.26 | 0.879 |
| HbA1c <6.5 | 103 (16.7) | 36 (35.0) | 34 (33.0) | 33 (32.0) | |||
| HbA1c ≥ 7.0 | 455 (73.6) | 148 (32.5) | 153 (33.6) | 154 (33.8) | 0.23 | 0.892 | |
| HbA1c <7.0 | 163 (26.4) | 56 (34.4) | 52 (31.9) | 55 (33.7) | |||
| Hypertension | No | 148 (21.7) | 46 (31.1) | 45 (30.4) | 57 (38.5) | 1.71 | 0.426 |
| Yes | 534 (78.3) | 180 (33.7) | 179 (33.5) | 175 (32.8) | |||
| BP, mmHg | BP > 130/80 | 479 (69.5) | 155 (32.4) | 155 (32.4) | 169 (35.3) | 1.53 | 0.466 |
| BP ≤130/80 | 210 (30.5) | 72 (34.3) | 74 (35.2) | 64 (30.5) | |||
| Dyslipidaemia | No | 406 (60.9) | 124 (30.5) | 125 (30.8) | 157 (38.7) | 9.94 | 0.007 |
| Yes | 261 (39.1) | 95 (36.4) | 96 (36.8) | 70 (26.8) | |||
| LDL-C, mmol/L | LDL-C > 2.6 | 336 (59.9) | 106 (31.5) | 120 (35.7) | 110 (32.7) | 2.72 | 0.257 |
| LDL-C ≤ 2.6 | 225 (40.1) | 74 (32.9) | 66 (29.3) | 85 (37.8) | |||
| HDL-C, mmol/L | HDL-C < 1.1 | 407 (72.2) | 118 (29.0) | 143 (35.1) | 146 (35.9) | 5.86 | 0.053 |
| HDL-C ≥ 1.1 | 157 (27.8) | 62 (39.5) | 45 (28.7) | 50 (31.8) | |||
| TG, mmol/L | TG > 1.7 | 250 (44.3) | 81 (32.4) | 85 (34.0) | 84 (33.6) | 0.36 | 0.837 |
| TG ≤1.7 | 314 (55.7) | 99 (31.5) | 102 (32.5) | 113 (36.0) | |||
| Total-C, mmol/L | Total-C > 4.5 | 357 (58.1) | 121 (33.9) | 126 (35.3) | 110 (30.8) | 4.81 | 0.090 |
| Total-C ≤ 4.5 | 257 (41.9) | 78 (30.4) | 78 (30.4) | 101 (39.3) | |||
| Any diabetes complication | No | 608 (87.7) | 193 (31.7) | 201 (33.1) | 214 (35.2) | 6.31 | 0.043 |
| Yes | 85 (12.3) | 36 (42.4) | 30 (35.3) | 19 (22.4) | |||
| Microvascular complication | No | 641 (92.5) | 207 (32.3) | 212 (33.1) | 222 (34.6) | 4.23 | 0.120 |
| Yes | 52 (7.5) | 22 (42.3) | 19 (36.5) | 11 (21.2) | |||
| Macrovascular complication | No | 648 (93.9) | 206 (31.8) | 217 (33.5) | 225 (34.7) | 6.92 | 0.031 |
| Yes | 42 (6.1) | 21 (50.0) | 13 (31.0) | 8 (19.0) | |||
| OHA | No | 60 (8.7) | 25 (41.7) | 20 (33.3) | 15 (25.0) | 3.03 | 0.220 |
| Yes | 630 (91.3) | 202 (32.1) | 210 (33.3) | 218 (34.6) | |||
| Insulin | No | 422 (61.2) | 132 (31.3) | 139 (32.9) | 151 (35.8) | 2.27 | 0.687 |
| 1 type | 187 (27.1) | 66 (35.3) | 64 (34.2) | 57 (30.5) | |||
| 2 types | 80 (11.6) | 29 (36.3) | 26 (32.5) | 25 (31.3) | |||
| Number of AHA agents | No | 81 (11.8) | 22 (27.2) | 30 (37.0) | 29 (35.8) | 4.71 | 0.581 |
| 1 type | 204 (29.6) | 70 (34.3) | 65 (31.9) | 69 (33.8) | |||
| 2 types | 203 (29.5) | 73 (36.0) | 59 (29.1) | 71 (35.0) | |||
| 3 types | 201 (29.2) | 62 (30.8) | 75 (37.3) | 64 (31.8) | |||
| LLA | No | 156 (22.6) | 50 (32.1) | 47 (30.1) | 59 (37.8) | 1.59 | 0.451 |
| Yes | 533 (77.4) | 177 (33.2) | 182 (34.1) | 174 (32.6) | |||
| APA | No | 612 (89.1) | 194 (31.7) | 202 (33.0) | 216 (35.3) | 6.48 | 0.039 |
| Yes | 75 (10.9) | 32 (42.7) | 27 (36.0) | 16 (21.3) | |||
*Chi-square P value
BP blood pressure, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides, Total-C total cholesterol, AHA anti-hypertensive agent, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, APA anti-platelet agent, OHA oral hypoglycaemic agent, LDL-C low density lipoprotein- cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein- cholesterol, LLA lipid-lowering agent, RM Ringgit Malaysia, TG triglyceride, Total-C total-cholesterol, WHOQoL-BREF World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief 26 items
aColumn percentage
bRow percentage