Table 1.

Name and descriptive statistics for study variables by residency and hukou status

		Urban Residents			Rural Residents
Variable	Full	Urban hukou	Rural hukou		Urban hukou	Rural hukou
Sample Size	N = 9616	N = 2103	N = 298		N = 985	N = 6230
Health and nutritional status
Height-for-age z-score	−0.83	−0.36	−0.77	***	−0.51	−1.04	***
Weight-for-age z-scorea	−0.56	−0.18	−0.39	*	−0.19	−0.73	***
Control variables
Girl	0.47	0.47	0.41	*	0.49	0.47
Han	0.85	0.89	0.94	***	0.91	0.82	***
Student	0.79	0.84	0.75	***	0.85	0.76	***
Health insurance	0.27	0.29	0.23	**	0.31	0.26	***
Child age							***
0–5	0.08	0.07	0.08		0.05	0.09
6–11	0.46	0.43	0.41		0.45	0.47
12–17	0.47	0.50	0.51		0.50	0.45
Living with mother	0.90	0.86	0.90		0.90	0.91
Living with father	0.93	0.91	0.93		0.93	0.93
Living with grandparents	0.27	0.31	0.18	***	0.32	0.26	***
Household head is male	0.84	0.78	0.81		0.80	0.87	***
Household size	4.38	3.84	4.42	***	4.14	4.60	***
Household income (in 2009 value)				**			***
< 10,000	0.28	0.26	0.34		0.17	0.31
10,001–20,000	0.34	0.34	0.28		0.31	0.34
20,001–30,000	0.17	0.17	0.17		0.21	0.16
30,000 and above	0.21	0.23	0.20		0.31	0.19
Mother’s age	37.81	38.24	38.39		37.59	37.67
Mother’s height	155.86	157.52	158.01		156.97	155.04	***
Mother’s BMI	22.55	22.61	23.10	**	22.85	22.46	***
Mother’s education				***			***
< primary school	0.23	0.07	0.16		0.12	0.31
Primary school	0.23	0.11	0.26		0.14	0.29
Lower middle school	0.34	0.35	0.44		0.44	0.32
Upper middle school	0.17	0.40	0.14		0.25	0.08
College	0.02	0.08	0.00		0.04	0.00
Mother smokes	0.02	0.01	0.00		0.01	0.03	***
Mother drinks	0.10	0.12	0.06	***	0.09	0.10
Father’s age	39.34	40.34	39.14	***	39.29	39.04
Father’s height	166.38	168.32	167.58	*	167.90	165.47	***
Father’s BMI	22.53	23.38	23.93	***	23.27	22.08	***
Father’s education				***			***
< primary school	0.09	0.03	0.10		0.05	0.12
Primary school	0.21	0.09	0.18		0.14	0.27
Lower middle school	0.43	0.36	0.38		0.45	0.45
Upper middle school	0.23	0.40	0.32		0.30	0.16
College	0.03	0.13	0.02		0.06	0.00
Father smokes	0.67	0.64	0.65		0.67	0.67
Father drinks	0.69	0.72	0.74		0.68	0.68
Presence of mother	0.91	0.89	0.91		0.91	0.92
Presence of father	0.88	0.84	0.87		0.88	0.90	*
Province				***			***
Liaoning	0.08	0.07	0.03		0.18	0.07
Heilongjiang	0.09	0.11	0.00		0.03	0.10
Jiangsu	0.10	0.12	0.01		0.14	0.09
Shandong	0.09	0.09	0.22		0.13	0.07
Henan	0.11	0.11	0.19		0.03	0.12
Hubei	0.12	0.09	0.14		0.11	0.12
Hunan	0.11	0.11	0.27		0.27	0.08
Guangxi	0.15	0.13	0.06		0.07	0.17
Guizhuo	0.16	0.16	0.08		0.04	0.18
Wave				**			***
1993	0.26	0.23	0.31		0.21	0.27
1997	0.22	0.21	0.21		0.19	0.23
2000	0.18	0.20	0.17		0.20	0.18
2004	0.13	0.14	0.08		0.16	0.13
2006	0.10	0.11	0.11		0.12	0.10
2009	0.10	0.10	0.11		0.12	0.10

χ ² test for category variables and t-test for continuous variables. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01