Table 2.

Multivariate analyses of children’s height-for-age z-score using pooled CHNS data 1993–2009

	Height-for-age z-score (Children aged 0–17.99)
Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Urban residency	0.23***		0.12***	0.01
Urban hukou		0.25***	0.18***	0.14***
Urban residency × urban hukou				0.16**
Health insurance	0.15***	0.15***	0.15***	0.15***
Child age: 0–5	reference	reference	reference	reference
Child age: 6–11	−0.04	−0.06	−0.06	−0.06
Child age: 12–17	−0.19***	−0.21***	−0.20***	−0.20***
Girl	−0.02	−0.02	−0.02	−0.02
Han	0.00	−0.00	−0.01	−0.01
Student	0.06*	0.05*	0.05*	0.05*
Living with mother	−0.09	−0.12	−0.12	−0.12
Living with father	0.32***	0.30***	0.30***	0.30***
Living with grandparents	0.13***	0.12***	0.11***	0.11***
Household income: <10,000	reference	reference	reference	reference
Household income: 10,001–20,000	0.07***	0.06**	0.07**	0.07**
Household income: 20,001–30,000	0.15***	0.14***	0.14***	0.14***
Household income: >30,000	0.14***	0.12***	0.13***	0.13***
Household head is male	−0.11**	−0.09*	−0.09*	−0.09*
Household size	−0.05***	−0.05***	−0.05***	−0.05***
Mother’s age	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Mother’s height	0.04***	0.04***	0.04***	0.04***
Mother’s BMI	0.04***	0.04***	0.04***	0.04***
Mother’s education
< primary school	reference	reference	reference	reference
Primary school	−0.03	−0.03	−0.04	−0.04
Middle school	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.01
High school	0.09**	0.06	0.05	0.05
College	0.05	0.01	−0.01	−0.01
Father’s age	0.01***	0.01**	0.01**	0.01**
Father’s height	0.04***	0.04***	0.04***	0.04***
Father’s BMI	0.02***	0.02***	0.02***	0.02***
Father’s education
< primary school	reference	reference	reference	reference
Primary school	0.08*	0.07*	0.07*	0.07
Middle school	0.09**	0.08*	0.08*	0.07*
High school	0.11**	0.10**	0.10**	0.09**
College	0.33***	0.31***	0.30***	0.29***
N	9745	9616	9616	9616

(i) * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01; (ii) other covariates include indicators for whether mother or father is missing in the survey, provincial dummies, wave dummies and a constant, which are not reported here