Table 2.
Selected Clinical Studies of AGE Levels in Different Diseases
| Disease/Condition | Sample | Method | Observation | Referencea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2D | Urine, plasma | Stable isotope dilution analysis and LC-MS/MS | Higher basal level in diabetics. | (57) |
| T2D | Skin | SAF | Short-term therapy with benfotiamine did not significantly influence SAF. | (97) |
| T1D, T2D | Skin | SAF | Comparable SAF between children with type I diabetes and nondiabetic adults, indicating chronological aging of the skin. | (88a) |
| Diabetes | EDTA plasma, carotid plaque tissue | ELISA, immunohistochemistry | Plasma sRAGE concentrations higher in symptomatic patients. | (10) |
| Acute coronary syndrome | Serum | Competitive ELISA | AGE decreased significantly with statin treatment, AGE levels correlated with plaque progression independently of diabetes. | (43) |
| Chronic kidney disease | Skin | SAF (AGE Reader) | Significantly higher SAF in children with kidney disease in comparison with controls; positive linear correlation between SAF and dialysis treatment duration. | (62) |
| Dialysis | Skin | SAF (AGE Reader) | Accumulation of tissue AGEs is correlated with glucose exposure dose and independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity in patients on peritoneal dialysis. | (50) |
| Pancreatic cancer (EPIC study) | Serum | ELISA | Elevated CML was associated with reduced pancreatic cancer risk (the association disappeared after adjustment for HbA1c, BMI, smoking status, and endogenous secreted RAGE). | (45) |
| Pancreatic cancer (ATBC study) | Serum | AGE CML-ELISA | Higher levels of CML-AGE were not associated with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer. | (51) |
| PCOS | Serum | Competitive AGE-ELISA | AGEs are elevated in women with PCOS and strongly positively correlated with androgen levels in women with PCOS. | (37) |
a
References are provided as supplementary material.
AGE, advanced glycation end product; BMI, body–mass index; CML, carboxymethyl lysine; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; SAF, skin autofluorescence; sRAGE, secreted receptor for AGE; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.