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Scheme of OSS modulation of autophagy. OSS-induced oxidative stress activates JNK, which plays a dual role in inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and initiating autophagy. However, sustained OSS impairs autophagic flux, leading to accumulation of p62, increased mtO2•− production, and mtDNA damage. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars
