Table 2.
Age, gender, socioeconomic status, and speech-language and fluency characteristics of preschool-age children who stutter (CWS; n = 82; 65 boys, 17 girls) and children who do not stutter (CWNS; n = 120; 59 boys, 61 girls).
| Variable |
M (SD) |
F (df) | Wald χ2 (df) | p (bootstrapped) a | ηp 2 | β | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CWS | CWNS | ||||||
| Chronological age (months) | 46.68 (9.04) | 49.23 (9.01) | 3.87 (1, 200) | .051 (.260) | .019 | ||
| Gender b | < .001* | ||||||
| Socioeconomic status c | 44.04 (12.38) | 45.00 (11.46) | 0.309 (1, 192) | .579 (.995) | .002 | ||
| Speech fluency measure | |||||||
| Total disfluencies (%) | 13.10 (5.39) | 4.37 (2.61) | 56.18 (1, 200) | < .001* | −1.098 | ||
| Stuttered disfluencies (%) | 8.94 (5.19) | 1.24 (0.76) | 167.97 (1, 200) | < .001* | −1.975 | ||
| Nonstuttered disfluencies (%) | 4.16 (2.58) | 3.13 (2.35) | 3.65 (1, 200) | .056 | −0.286 | ||
| SSI-3 total score | 18.94 (5.54) | 6.86 (1.98) | 46.09 (1, 200) | < .001* | −1.016 | ||
| Speech-language measures | |||||||
| GFTA-2 | 109.35 (9.27) | 110.43 (10.13) | 0.583 (1, 200) | .446 (.970) | .003 | ||
| PPVT-3 | 114.20 (12.42) | 115.89 (12.33) | 0.917 (1, 200) | .340 (.919) | .005 | ||
| EVT | 114.54 (13.58) | 119.06 (11.60) | 6.435 (1, 200) | .012 (.071) | .031 | ||
| TELD-3 Receptive | 118.63 (14.46) | 120.88 (11.40) | 1.521 (1, 200) | .219 (.765) | .008 | ||
| TELD-3 Expressive | 111.16 (15.17) | 112.22 (11.78) | 0.310 (1, 200) | .578 (.995) | .002 | ||
Note. As described in the Method section, analyses of variance assessed between-groups differences in chronological age, socioeconomic status, and standardized measures of language (e.g., TELD-3, PPVT-3, EVT); a chi-square assessed between-groups gender differences; and generalized linear models assessed between-groups speech fluency differences (i.e., SSI-3 scores as well as frequency of stuttered, nonstuttered, and total disfluencies). Therefore, Wald χ2 and β values were applicable only to the speech fluency measures; F and ηp 2 values are not applicable. SSI-3 = Stuttering Severity Instrument–Third Edition; GFTA-2 = Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation–Second Edition; PPVT-3 = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Third Edition; EVT = Expressive Vocabulary Test; TELD-3 = Test of Early Language Development–Third Edition.
As described in the Method section, a bootstrap resampling procedure was used when appropriate to control for false discovery rates.
A chi-square analysis assessed between-groups gender differences, which provided frequencies of boys and girls per talker group, rather than M, SD, or F. As discussed in the Method and Results sections, chi-square results indicated that the present sample consisted of more boys who stutter than girls who stutter (CWS = 17 girls, 65 boys; CWNS = 61 girls, 59 boys), χ2(1) = 18.621, p < .001, w = .304. Such findings are expected given the gender differences in childhood stuttering (i.e., more boys than girls stutter).
Socioeconomic status information was available for 194 of the 202 total participants (114 CWNS, 80 CWS).
p ≤ .05.