Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants according to cooking fuel, clean fuel versus biomass fuel
| Characteristic | Total (n=266) | Clean fuel (n=112) | Biomass fuel (n=154) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 35–44 | 49 (18%) | 27 (24%) | 22 (14%) | 0.20 |
| 45–54 | 67 (25%) | 29 (26%) | 38 (25%) | |
| 55–64 | 80 (30%) | 29 (26%) | 51 (33%) | |
| 65+ | 70 (26%) | 27 (24%) | 43 (28%) | |
| Men, n (%) | 123 (46%) | 60 (53%) | 63 (41%) | 0.07 |
| Body mass index, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 25 (23–29) | 27 (23–30) | 24 (22–27) | <0.001 |
| Born in rural household, n (%) | 165 (62%) | 12 (11%) | 153 (99%) | <0.001 |
| Living in same community as birth, n (%) | 213 (80%) | 67 (60%) | 146 (95%) | <0.001 |
| Living below the poverty line, n (%) | 213 (80%) | 61 (55%) | 152 (99%) | <0.001 |
| Completed primary school, n (%) | 142 (53%) | 102 (91%) | 40 (26%) | <0.001 |
| Cooking characteristics | ||||
| Years exposed to biomass fuels, median (IQR) | 40 (18–52) | 15 (6–20) | 48 (38–58) | <0.001 |
| Number of participants who cook, n (%) | 208 (78%) | 76 (68%) | 132 (86%) | <0.001 |
| Time cooking, median (IQR), years | 34 (29–46) | 29 (18–35) | 40 (30–50) | <0.001 |
| Haemodynamics | ||||
| Heart rate, median (IQR), beats/min | 67 (61–74) | 69 (61–76) | 63 (60–71) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 115 (16) | 111 (14) | 118 (17) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 73 (9) | 71 (8) | 75 (9) | <0.001 |
| Past medical history, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 28 (11%) | 23 (21%) | 5 (3%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 3 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 0.58 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 22 (8%) | 20 (18%) | 2 (1%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | ||||
| Never | 190 (72%) | 64 (57%) | 126 (82%) | <0.001 |
| Previous | 60 (22%) | 36 (32%) | 24 (16%) | |
| Current | 16 (6%) | 12 (11%) | 4 (3%) | |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dl | 192 (37) | 199 (39) | 187 (35) | 0.01 |
| LDL, median (IQR), mg/dl | 117 (98–140) | 122 (98–144) | 114 (98–140) | 0.19 |
| HDL, median (IQR), mg/dl | 41 (35–50) | 40 (34–50) | 43 (37–52) | 0.16 |
| Triglycerides, median (IQR), mg/dl | 123 (91–172) | 142 (110–194) | 111 (82–147) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin A1c, median (IQR), % | 5.8 (5.5–6.1) | 5.9 (5.6–6.1) | 5.8 (5.5–6.0) | 0.12 |
| Fasting glucose, median (IQR), mg/dl | 88 (81–95) | 90 (82–99) | 87 (80–93) | 0.002 |
| HOMA-IR mmol/l×μU/ml, median (IQR) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 1.5 (1.0–2.8) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP, median (IQR), μg/ml | 0.9 (0.4–2.3) | 1.6 (0.8–2.8) | 0.6 (0.4–1.3) | <0.001 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| β-Blockers | 3 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.07 |
| ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker | 11 (4%) | 10 (9%) | 1 (1%) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 6 (2%) | 6 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.005 |
| Statin | 5 (2%) | 5 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.01 |
| Insulin or metformin | 3 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 0.58 |
| Bronchodilators | 1 (<1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.42 |
Data are presented as mean (SD) if normally distributed, median (IQR) if non-normally distributed and percentage if categorical variables.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.