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Comparison of observational (left panel) vs. instrumental variable (right panel) analysis of the association of BMI with DKD outcomes in all three cohorts. ORs are reported per 1 kg/m2 higher BMI. A: DKD (macroalbuminuria or ESRD). B: Macroalbuminuria alone. C: ESRD alone. Pdiff, P value for statistical comparison between observational and instrumental analysis.
