Figure 1.

Major enzymes and substrates involved in the regulation of gluconeogenesis. Red arrows and text represent the major enzymes and pathways involved in the regulation of gluconeogenesis. Direct glucose release from glycogen via the debranching enzyme accounts for <10% of the total glucose made via gluconeogenesis. AAT, alanine aminotransferase; fruc-1,6-bisphosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; glu-6-phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase; glyceraldehyde-3-P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; glycerol-3-P, glycerol-3-phosphate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; OAA, oxaloacetate; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase.