Table 1.
Isotope techniques used to measure gluconeogenesis in humans
| Techniques | Isotope | References |
|---|---|---|
| Labeled metabolites and precursors | [2-14C]acetate | (37,38) |
| [3-13C]lactate | (48) | |
| [3-14C]lactate | (42,44) | |
| [U-14C]lactate | (43) | |
| [3-13C]alanine | (42) | |
| [U-14C]alanine | (43,45,46) | |
| [U-14C]glycerol | (120,121) | |
| [U-13C]glycerol | (41) | |
| Mass isotopomer analysis | [2-13C]glycerol | (12,35,47,48) |
| [U-13C]glucose | (12,26,31,35,49,50) | |
| 13C-NMR spectroscopy | None | (64–68,76) |
| Deuterium oxide | ||
| C5-HMT, GCMS | 2H2O | (36,75,82,84–87) |
| Average deuterium method, GCMS | 2H2O | (2,36,108) |
| 2H-NMR spectroscopy | 2H2O | (74,76,96,122) |