Figure 1.

Diabetic TxNIP^−/− mice are protected from glomerular filtration barrier dysfunction and renal impairment. Renal measures in nondiabetic and diabetic TxNIP WT and KO mice. (A) Twenty-four-hour albuminuria (μg) and (B) albumin-to-creatinine (μg/mg) ratio were determined using kits from Exocell. (C) Twenty-four-hour urinary protein levels (μg) were detected by the Bradford protein assay. (D) Serum cystatin C (pg/ml), a biomarker of GFR, was measured with an ELISA kit from R&D Systems. (E) Serum creatinine (mg/dl) was measured by HPLC. Results are expressed as mean±SEM (n=6–7 mice/condition). *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ^#P<0.05; ^##P<0.01; and ^###P<0.001 diabetic WT mice versus nondiabetic WT and diabetic TxNIP KO mice.