Table 1.
Bivariate analysis of factors associated with being denied prescription analgesia among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada. (n = 462)
| Variable | Denied PA†
|
Unadjusted odds ratio (95%CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes 307 (66.5%) | No 155 (33.6%) | |||
| Age | ||||
| > 48 years | 158 (51.5) | 68 (43.9) | 1.36 (0.92 – 2.00) | 0.1236 |
| ≤ 48 years | 149 (48.5) | 87 (56.1) | ||
| Gender† | ||||
| Male | 218 (71.0) | 108 (69.7) | 1.08 (0.71 – 1.65) | 0.7273 |
| Female | 88 (28.7) | 47 (30.3) | ||
| Homelessness|| | ||||
| Yes | 285 (92.8) | 138 (89.0) | 1.60 (0.82 – 3.10) | 0.1681 |
| No | 22 (7.2) | 17 (11.0) | ||
| Unstable housing||† | ||||
| Yes | 212 (69.1) | 103 (66.5) | 1.10 (0.72 – 1.68) | 0.6626 |
| No | 88 (28.7) | 47 (30.3) | ||
| DTES residence|| | ||||
| Yes | 278 (90.5) | 134 (86.5) | 1.50 (0.83 – 2.73) | 0.1823 |
| No | 29 (9.5) | 21 (13.5) | ||
| Education status||† | ||||
| ≥ High school | 153 (49.8) | 69 (44.5) | 1.27 (0.86 – 1.88) | 0.2330 |
| < High school | 145 (47.2) | 83 (53.6) | ||
| HIV serostatus | ||||
| Positive | 130 (42.4) | 77 (49.7) | 0.74 (0.51 – 1.10) | 0.1350 |
| Negative | 177 (57.6) | 78 (50.3) | ||
| Sex work|| | ||||
| Yes | 151 (49.2) | 81 (52.3) | 0.88 (0.60 – 1.30) | 0.5330 |
| No | 156 (50.8) | 74 (47.7) | ||
| Incarceration|| | ||||
| Yes | 149 (48.5) | 61 (39.4) | 1.45 (0.98 – 2.15) | 0.0619 |
| No | 158 (51.5) | 94 (60.6) | ||
| Physical disability|| | ||||
| Yes | 287 (93.5) | 140 (90.3) | 1.54 (0.76 – 3.09) | 0.2279 |
| No | 20 (6.5) | 15 (9.7) | ||
| Self-managed pain|| | ||||
| Yes | 306 (99.7) | 151 (97.4) | 8.11 (0.90 – 73.15) | 0.0623 |
| No | 1 (0.3) | 4 (2.6) | ||
| Any injection drug use at baseline||† | ||||
| Yes | 304 (99.0) | 154 (99.4) | 0.99 (0.09 – 10.97) | 0.9915 |
| No | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | ||
| Daily crack use*† | ||||
| Yes | 66 (21.5) | 43 (27.7) | 0.72 (0.46 – 1.12) | 0.1466 |
| No | 239 (77.9) | 112 (72.3) | ||
| Daily crystal methamphetamine injection* | ||||
| Yes | 26 (8.5) | 13 (8.4) | 1.01 (0.50 – 2.03) | 0.9762 |
| No | 281 (91.5) | 142 (91.6) | ||
| Daily heroin injection* | ||||
| Yes | 73 (23.8) | 22 (14.2) | 1.89 (1.12 – 3.18) | 0.0172 |
| No | 234 (76.2) | 133 (85.8) | ||
| Daily cocaine injection*† | ||||
| Yes | 31 (10.1) | 7 (4.5) | 2.39 (1.03 – 5.56) | 0.0429 |
| No | 274 (89.3) | 148 (95.5) | ||
| Daily marijuana use*† | ||||
| Yes | 75 (24.4) | 37 (23.9) | 1.04 (0.67 – 1.64) | 0.8508 |
| No | 229 (74.6) | 118 (76.1) | ||
| Heavy alcohol use*† | ||||
| Yes | 52 (16.9) | 26 (16.8) | 1.02 (0.61 – 1.70) | 0.9528 |
| No | 254 (82.7) | 129 (83.2) | ||
| Nonmedical prescription opioid use* | ||||
| Yes | 92 (30.0) | 39 (25.2) | 1.27 (0.82 – 1.97) | 0.2797 |
| No | 215 (70.0) | 116 (74.8) | ||
| Non-fatal overdose|| | ||||
| Yes | 217 (70.7) | 98 (63.2) | 1.40 (0.93 – 2.11) | 0.1048 |
| No | 90 (29.3) | 57 (36.8) | ||
| Enrolled in MMT|| | ||||
| Yes | 249 (81.1) | 111 (71.6) | 1.70 (1.08 – 2.67) | 0.0209 |
| No | 58 (18.9) | 44 (28.4) | ||
| Binge injection drug use*† | ||||
| Yes | 109 (35.5) | 59 (38.1) | 0.90 (0.60 – 1.34) | 0.6066 |
| No | 197 (64.2) | 96 (61.9) | ||
CI: Confidence interval; DTES: Downtown Eastside; MMT: methadone maintenance treatment.
*
Within the previous six months (from time of interview)
||
Ever
†
Indicates missing responses as follows: Gender (1 missing response); unstable housing (12 missing responses); education status (12 missing responses); any injection drug use at baseline (1 missing response); daily crack use (2 missing responses); daily cocaine injection (2 missing responses); daily marijuana use (3 missing responses); heavy alcohol use (1 missing response); binge injection drug use (1 missing response).