Table 3. Comparison of clinical and laboratory parameters in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals according to H. pylori status.
| Variable | ART-naïve group, n = 494 | ART group, n = 448 | HIV negative group, n = 100 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. pylori pos. | H. pylori neg. | p-value | H. pylori pos. | H. pylori neg. | p-value | H. pylori pos. | H. pylori neg. | p-value | |
| N = 239 (48.4%) | N = 255 (51.6%) | N = 251 (56.0%) | N = 197 (44.0%) | N = 88 (88.0%) | N = 12 (12.0%) | ||||
| Time since HIV diagnosis (months), median (IQR) | 0.5 (0.5–3.5) | 0.5 (0.5–1.0) | 0.006 | 53 (24–82) | 53 (25–74) | 0.42 | NA | NA | NA |
| Time on ART (months) median (IQR) | NA | NA | 45 (18–70) | 47 (22–68) | 0.98 | NA | NA | NA | |
| WHO stage # | 0.22 | 0.15 | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| 1 | 109 (45.6) | 118 (46.3) | 139 (55.4) | 117 (59.4) | NA | NA | |||
| 2 | 23 (9.6) | 31 (12.2) | 34 (13.5) | 13 (6.6) | NA | NA | |||
| 3 | 28 (11.7) | 38 (14.9) | 35 (13.9) | 28 (14.2) | NA | NA | |||
| 4 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | 4 (2.0) | NA | NA | |||
| No data | 79 (33.1) | 66 (25.9) | 41 (16.3) | 35 (17.8) | NA | NA | |||
| Exposure to TB treatment, n (%) | 21 (8.8) | 41 (16.1) | 0.01 | 24 (9.6) | 17 (8.6) | 0.87 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Currently on TB treatment, n (%) | 8 (3.3) | 25 (9.8) | 0.004 | 1 (0.4) | 2 (1.0) | 0.58 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Previous TB treatment, n (%) | 13 (5.4) | 16 (6.3) | 0.69 | 23 (9.2) | 15 (7.6) | 0.56 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Antibiotic use | NA | ||||||||
| Antibiotic use past six months, n (%) | 3 (1.3) | 2 (0.8) | 0.68 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (O.5) | 0.58 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Current use of co-trimoxazole, n (%) | 62 (25.9) | 80 (31.4) | 0.18 | 49 (19.5) | 48 (24.4) | 0.25 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Self-reported symptoms * | |||||||||
| Epigastric discomfort | 24 (10.0) | 24 (9.4) | 0.81 | 5 (2.0) | 8 (4.1) | 0.20 | 18 (21.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.08 |
| Anorexia | 6 (2.5) | 12 (4.7) | 0.19 | 2 (0.8) | 5 (2.5) | 0.14 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Nausea and vomiting | 9 (3.8) | 16 (6.3) | 0.11 | 2 (0.8) | 6 (3.0) | 0.07 | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.68 |
| Diarrhea | 23 (9.6) | 23 (9.0) | 0.82 | 5 (2.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0.17 | 12 (14.3) | 2 (16.7) | 0.83 |
| Weight loss | 78 (32.6) | 102 (40.0) | 0.09 | 15 (6.0) | 16 (8.1) | 0.37 | 4 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.83 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2), mean ±SD | 22.4 ± 4.1 | 21.9 ± 4.2 | 0.19 | 24.3 ± 4.5 | 23.8 ± 4.6 | 0.21 | 24.7 ± 5.0 | 24.6 ± 5.6 | 0.96 |
| HIV-1 VL (log 10 c/mL), median (IQR) § | 4.92 (4.09–5.51) | 5.21 (4.59–5.63) | 0.006 | 3.67 (3.10–4.57) | 3.09 (2.31–4.71) | 0.54 | NA | NA | NA |
| T-cell populations, median (IQR) | |||||||||
| Total T-cell count/μL | 1227 (867–1929) | 1253(794–1921) | 0.94 | 1452 (1108–1934) | 1584 (1151–2083) | 0.05 | 1439 (1166–1910) | 1520 (1318–1717) | 0.79 |
| CD4 T-cell count/μL | 312 (128–508) | 189 (75–403) | <0.0001 | 450 (270–643) | 476 (272–654) | 0.78 | 977 (792–1205) | 861 (741–1008) | 0.23 |
| CD8 T-cell count/μL | 832 (564–1336) | 980 (595–1569) | 0.29 | 858 (610–1230) | 990 (697–1356) | 0.02 | 436 (309–637) | 585 (402–758) | 0.18 |
| CD4/CD8 ratio | 0.31 (0.17–0.60) | 0.19 (0.09–0.41) | <0.0001 | 0.55 (0.37–0.84) | 0.49 (0.32–0.81) | 0.07 | 2.12 (1.70–2.91) | 1.80 (1.01–2.42) | 0.13 |
| WBC (x1000/μL), mean ± SD | 4.99 ± 1.98 | 5.28 ± 2.09 | 0.35 | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 0.90 | NA | NA | NA |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL), mean ± SD | 11.1 ± 1.79 | 10.4 ± 2.02 | 0.01 | 12.0 (11.0–13.0) | 12.0 (11.0–13.0) | 0.83 | NA | NA | NA |
| Platelets (x1000/μL), mean ± SD | 262.4 ± 97.2 | 314.9 ± 124.2 | 0.003 | 283 (224–333) | 283 (228–330) | 0.84 | NA | NA | NA |
Analysis excludes 10 patients with indeterminate H. pylori result. BMI, Body mass index; WBC, White blood cells; Hgb, Hemoglobin
# WHO clinical stage at recruitment, missing data for 147 patients of the ART-naïve group and 79 of the ART group.
§ Missing viral load data for 14 H. pylori positive and 17 H. pylori negative participants
*Self-reported symptoms in the past 4 weeks, weight loss defined as significant for the patient, or loss of >10% of body weight. Diarrhea was defined as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day