Table 2. Metabolic parameters according to ALDH2 activity (ALDH2 *1/*1 active vs. *1/*2 or *2/*2 inactive) and drinking status in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
| Lifetime abstainers | Former or current drinkers | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALDH2 rs671 | *1/*1 | *1/*2 or *2 /*2 | *1/*1 | *1/*2 or *2 /*2 | Unadjusted | Age-and sex-adjusted |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4±5.0 | 23.9±3.8 a | 23.6±3.4 b | 23.4±3.2 b | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| Obesity (BMI≥25.0) (%) | 36.8% | 33.3% | 28.2% | 26.2% | <0.0001 | <0.01 |
| Waist circumstances (cm) | 86.4±12.3 | 85.7±10.6 | 85.5±9.4 | 85.1±9.1 | ns | ns |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 14.3±9.6 | 15.1±10.4 | 16.4±10.7 b c | 16.0±10.7 a | <0.0001 | ns |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 7.7±2.2 | 7.8±2.2 | 7.8±2.3 | 7.7±2.2 | ns | ns |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.54±1.08 | 7.55±1.07 | 7.31±1.00 b d | 7.37±0.97 c e | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 59±12 | 59±12 | 56±11 b d | 57±11 c e | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting serum C-peptide (nmol/l) | 0.38±0.23 | 0.39±0.24 | 0.40±0.22 | 0.39±0.22 | ns | ns |
| HOMA2%-B | 46.5±25.1 | 45.9±24.4 | 45.3±22.6 | 45.8±25.8 | ns | ns |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.11±0.60 | 1.11±0.54 | 1.13±0.61 | 1.13±0.66 | ns | ns |
| HS-CRP (mg/l) | 0.50 [0.45–0.55] | 0.50 [0.46–0.53] | 0.48 [0.45–0.51] | 0.49 [0.44–0.55] | ns | ns |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents use (%) | 65.4% | 63.5% | 62.4% | 60.0% | ns | ns |
| Insulin use (%) | 30.0% | 31.1% | 26.6% | 26.5% | <0.05 | ns |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.17±0.83 | 5.07±0.86 a | 4.97±0.83 b f | 4.91±0.78 b d | <0.0001 | ns |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.96±0.70 | 2.96±0.70 | 2.78±0.70 b d | 2.86±0.68 a c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.56±0.39 | 1.46±0.36 b | 1.51±0.42 d | 1.43±0.39 b g | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.61±0.78 | 3.61±0.81 | 3.46±0.78 b d | 3.48±0.73 c e | <0.0001 | <0.01 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.17 [1.13–1.22] | 1.21 [1.17–1.24] | 1.22 [1.20–1.25] | 1.20 [1.15–1.24] | ns | ns |
| Statin use (%) | 52.2% | 48.0% | 36.4% | 39.1% | <0.0001 | <0.05 |
HOMA2%-B, homeostasis model assessment β-cell function; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; HS-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Values are expressed as mean ± SD or percentage. HS-CRP and triglyceride are presented as geometric means [95% confidence interval].
ap<0.05,
ep<0.01,
bp<0.001 vs. lifetime abstainers with *1/*1,
fp<0.05,
cp<0.01,
dp<0.001 vs. lifetime abstainers with *2,
gp<0.001 vs. drinkers with *1/*1 in an unadjusted model.