Table 3. Postoperative pain ratings (NRS) at rest and during movement in the pre-intervention and post-intervention group–total sample and selected surgical groups.
| Surgeries | Differences in Pain Intensity—NRS a | NRS-cutoff b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test mean rank | Post-test mean rank | % > cutoff | |||||
| (x0.5, nvalid) | (x0.5, nvalid) | Z, p | ▼ ~ ▲ | pre vs. post | V | p (chi²) | |
| Total Sample | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 847.6 (2.0, n = 706) | 784.6 (2.0, n = 917) | -2.742, p≈0.006 | ▼ ** | 23.8 vs. 20.8% | 0.035 | p≈0.153 (2.04) |
| Pain during movement | 825.4 (4.0, n = 696) | 784.9 (3.0, n = 908) | -1.750, p≈0.080 | ▼ T | 25.9 vs. 23.0% | 0.033 | p≈0.188 (1.74) |
| Joint (s) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 46.6 (1.5, n = 26) | 44.3 (1.0, n = 63) | -0.395, p≈0.693 | ~ | 34.6 vs. 14.3% | 0.230 * | p≈0.030 (4.71) |
| Pain during movement | 44.8 (4.0, n = 26) | 45.1 (4.0, n = 63) | -0.050, p≈0.960 | ~ | 34.6 vs. 25.4% | 0.093 | p≈0.379 (0.77) |
| Joint (m) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 39.8 (1.0, n = 28) | 42.4 (2.0, n = 54) | -0.467, p≈0.640 | ~ | 21.4 vs. 22.2% | 0.009 | p≈0.934 (0.01) |
| Pain during movement | 37.2 (3.0, n = 28) | 43.0 (4.0, n = 53) | -1.064, p≈0.287 | ~ | 32.1 vs. 32.1% | 0.001 | p≈0.995 (0.01) |
| Joint (l) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 89.4 (2.0, n = 109) | 93.4 (3.0, n = 72) | -0.502, p≈0.616 | ~ | 30.3 vs. 36.1% | 0.061 | p≈0.412 (0.67) |
| Pain during movement | 88.4 (4.5, n = 108) | 92.4 (5.0, n = 71) | -0.498, p≈0.618 | ~ | 37.0 vs. 39.4% | 0.024 | p≈0.746 (0.11) |
| Long bone (m, l) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 31.8 (3.0, n = 39) | 24.8 (1.0, n = 19) | -1.491, p≈0.136 | ~ | 30.8 vs. 21.1% | 0.102 | p≈0.437 (0.60) |
| Pain during movement | 29.0 (4.0, n = 36) | 26.1 (4.0, n = 19) | -0.662, p≈0.508 | ~ | 30.6 vs. 15.8% | 0.161 | p≈0.232 (1.43) |
| Spine (m) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 29.6 (3.0, n = 28) | 25.3 (1.0, n = 26) | -1.022, p≈0.307 | ~ | 28.6 vs. 23.1% | 0.063 | p≈0.645 (0.21) |
| Pain during movement | 27.9 (3.0, n = 27) | 26.1 (3.5, n = 26) | -0.422, p≈0.673 | ~ | 25.9 vs. 19.2% | 0.080 | p≈0.560 (0.34) |
| Thorax (s, m, l) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 42.3 (2.0, n = 28) | 30.1 (1.0, n = 41) | -2.538, p≈0.011 | ▼ * | 28.6 vs. 12.2% | 0.206 T | p≈0.088 (2.92) |
| Pain during movement | 36.5 (3.5, n = 28) | 34.0 (3.0, n = 41) | -0.518, p≈0.604 | ~ | 21.4 vs. 22.0% | 0.006 | p≈0.959 (0.01) |
| Vascular (s, m) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 18.2 (0.0, n = 15) | 18.7 (0.0, n = 21) | -0.177, p≈0.860 | ~ | 6.7 vs. 23.8% | 0.227 | p≈0.174 (1.85) |
| Pain during movement | 17.5 (2.0, n = 15) | 19.2 (2.0, n = 21) | -0.490, p≈0.634 | ~ | 6.7 vs. 19.0% | 0.176 | p≈0.290 (1.12) |
| Visceral (m) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 64.4 (2.0, n = 81) | 64.6 (2.0, n = 47) | -0.025, p≈0.980 | ~ | 24.7 vs. 27.7% | 0.033 | p≈0.711 (0.14) |
| Pain during movement | 65.7 (4.0, n = 82) | 63.8 (4.0, n = 47) | -0.288, p≈0.773 | ~ | 31.7 vs. 34.0% | 0.024 | p≈0.785 (0.07) |
| Gynaecology (m) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 49.3 (2.0, n = 54) | 56.9 (3.0, n = 51) | -1.297, p≈0.195 | ~ | 25.9 vs. 35.3% | 0.102 | p≈0.297 (1.09) |
| Pain during movement | 47.1 (4.0, n = 54) | 58.4 (5.0, n = 50) | -1.933, p≈0.053 | ▲ T | 25.9 vs. 42.0% | 0.170 T | p≈0.083 (3.00) |
| Urology (m, l) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 37.6 (0.0, n = 43) | 44.9 (2.0, n = 38) | -1.486, p≈0.137 | ~ | 11.6 vs. 26.3% | 0.189 T | p≈0.089 (2.88) |
| Pain during movement | 41.0 (2.5, n = 42) | 40.0 (2.0, n = 38) | -0.207, p≈0.836 | ~ | 16.7 vs. 15.8% | 0.012 | p≈0.915 (0.01) |
| Plastic (skin) (s) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 31.4 (1.0, n = 14) | 25.4 (0.0, n = 39) | -1.329, p≈0.184 | ~ | 14.3 vs. 10.3% | 0.056 | p≈0.683 (0.17) |
| Pain during movement | 30.0 (2.0, n = 13) | 25.3 (2.0, n = 39) | -0.987, p≈0.323 | ~ | 15.4 vs. 5.1% | 0.167 | p≈0.229 (1.44) |
| Tumour (skin) (s) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 96.4 (1.0, n = 78) | 75.2 (0.0, n = 91) | -2.982, p≈0.003 | ▼ ** | 19.2 vs. 6.6% | 0.191 * | p≈0.013 (6.16) |
| Pain during movement | 92.6 (2.0, n = 77) | 75.6 (1.0, n = 89) | -2.334, p≈0.020 | ▼ * | 13.0 vs. 11.2% | 0.027 | p≈0.730 (0.12) |
| Total (surgeries) | |||||||
| Pain at rest | 580.1 (2.0, n = 543) | 526.8 (1.0, n = 562) | -2.842, p≈0.004 | ▼ ** | 24.5 vs. 21.0% | 0.042 | p≈0.165 (1.92) |
| Pain during movement | 560.9 (4.0, n = 536) | 533.6 (3.0, n = 557) | -1.443, p≈0.149 | ~ | 26.5 vs. 24.6% | 0.022 | p≈0.472 (0.52) |
Notes:
▼ significant reduction,
~ no difference,
▲ significant increase,
*** p<0.001,
** p<0.01,
* p<0.05,
T p<0.10,
(s) small, (m) medium, (l) major,
a Nonparametric Mann-Whitney-U-Test is used to test differences between ordinal distributions,
b Pearson chi-square and Cramer V are used to test differences between dichotomous distributions (pain at rest>3, pain during movement>5)