Table 2.

Non-food cue studies in BED

Neurocognitive Domain	Author (year)	BED M/F BMI	OB Group M/F BMI	LC Group M/F BMI	BN Group M/F BMI	Neuroimaging	Task	Results	Correlations	Comments
Inhibitory Control	Balodis et al., 2013a	9F 2M BMI 37.1±4	5F 8M BMI 34.6±4	5F 6M BMI 22.2±2	—	fMRI	Stroop Task	BED group showed decreases in superior temporal gyrus, superior occipital gyrus and middle occipital gyrus relative to both OB and LC groups	In the BED group, eating restraint was inversely correlated with the bilateral IFG, the OFC, vmPFC and ACC
Monetary Reward Processing	Balodis et al., 2013b	14F 5M BMI 36.7±4	10F 9M BMI 34.6±4	10F 9M BMI 23.3±1	—	fMRI	Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT)	During reward anticipation, the BED group demonstrates significantly decreased ventral striatal activity relative to the OB group. During reward receipt, the BED group shows diminished IFG, insula, striatum and vmPFC activity relative to both the OB and LC groups
Structural	Schaefer et al., 2010	17F BMI 32.2±4		19F BMI 21.7±1	14F BMI 22.1±3	MRI	Gray-matter volume (GMV)	Both BED and BN groups demonstrated increased medial OFC and ACC volumes relative to the LC group
Treatment Outcome Studies	Balodis et al., 2014	14F 5M BMI 36.7±4				fMRI	Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT)	Post-treatment, individuals who continued to report binge-eating showed reduced IFG and ventral striatum during anticipatory processing. Persistent binge- eating group also demonstrated reduced mPFC activity during outcome processing		Treatment outcome data for BED sample in Balodis et al., 2013 Scanned prior to commencing treatment
	Cambridg e et al., 2014	35F 28M 37.3±5				fMRI	Exposure to pictorial food stimuli	Relative to placebo, the opioid antagonist reduced right pallidum/putament response to high- calorie pictures		Antagonist did not affect subjective liking of the pictorial food stimuli

BED=binge eating disorder; OB= non-BED obese; LC= lean control; BN=bulimia nervosa; M= Male; F= Female; fMRI=functional magnetic resonance imaging; BMI=Body Mass Index; IFG=inferior frontal gyrus; OFC= orbitofrontal cortex; vmPFC=ventromedial prefrontal cortex; ACC=anterior cingulate cortex; mPFC=medial prefrontal cortex.