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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Kidney Dis. 2015 Sep 1;66(6):1071–1082. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.06.028

Figure 3. Changes in HDL functions mediated by CKD.

Figure 3

Small dense HDL particles dominate in individuals with CKD. Chronic pro-inflammatory conditions activate macrophages, releasing myeloperoxidase (MPO). MPO-derived oxidants modify HDL, which impairs the functioning of HDL-associated enzymes, such as paraoxonase 1 (PON1), nitric oxide (NO) synthase and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). These enzymes are essential for anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective properties of unmodified HDL.