Table 1.
Sample characteristics and descriptive statistics.
| Total Sample | United States | Germany | Russia | East Asia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| Total Russia | Tomsk | Moscow | Total East Asia | Japan | Taiwan | ||||
| Sample size (n) | 786 | 307 | 91 | 184 | 105 | 79 | 204 | 109 | 95 |
| Age | 21.89 (6.89) | 19.37 (1.40) | 22.29 (4.37) | 21.24 (3.10) | 21.16 (3.62) | 21.34 (2.21) | 26.15 (11.65) | 19.87 (2.14) | 33.6 (13.76) |
| Gender (% female) | 67.8% | 71.3% | 76.4% | 79.3% | 79.0% | 79.7% | 47.1% | 33.0% | 63.2% |
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| Motivation to pursue happiness | 3.87 (1.12) | 3.60 (0.96) | 3.47 (1.06) | 4.12 (1.14) | 4.18 (1.14) | 4.04 (1.14) | 4.22 (1.16) | 3.63 (1.06) | 4.90 (0.86) |
| Socially-engaged definitions of happiness | 4.39 (0.53) | 4.53 (0.39) | 4.24 (.55) | 4.39 (0.54) | 4.46 (0.50) | 4.28 (0.57) | 4.19 (0.63) | 4.01 (0.70) | 4.39 (0.47) |
| Well-being | 0 (0.79) | 0.42 (0.70) | −0.41 (.79) | −0.07 (0.63) | −0.01 (.64) | −0.14 (.61) | −0.39 (0.72) | −0.77 (0.54) | 0.05 (0.64) |
Note. Motivation to pursue happiness is on a scale of 1–7. Socially-engaged definitions of happiness is on a scale of 1–5. Well-being is a composite of four measures (Satisfaction with Life, Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being, Hedonic Balance, Beck Depression Inventory) that were each z-scored (with mean = 0 and SD = 1) and averaged together (see methods for more details). Unless otherwise noted, values represent means with standard deviations in parentheses. Means were not compared across cultures because measurement invariance analyses indicated that these mean-level comparisons may not reflect meaningful cultural differences (see preliminary analysis section for more details).