TABLE 3.
Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models for the association between coffee intake and biomarker concentrations: EPIC1
| Biomarkers | Multivariable-adjusted β coefficient (95% CI)2 | P |
| Immune and inflammatory reaction | ||
| CRP, mg/L | −0.11 (−0.22, 0.00) | 0.06 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | −0.18 (−0.35, −0.02) | 0.04 |
| Metabolic dysfunction | ||
| C-peptide, ng/mL | 0.25 (0.03, 0.48) | 0.02 |
| Fetuin A, μg/mL | −0.02 (−0.62, 0.57) | 0.94 |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | −0.15 (−0.46, 0.10) | 0.35 |
| HMW adiponectin, μg/mL | −0.06 (−0.28, 0.15) | 0.59 |
| Non-HMW adiponectin, μg/mL | −0.37 (−0.72, −0.03) | 0.03 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 0.14 (−0.02, 0.30) | 0.08 |
| Hepatocellular/necroinflammatory/injury | ||
| GLDH, μmol · s−1 · L−1 | −0.19 (−0.36, −0.01) | 0.04 |
| ALT, U/L | −0.22 (−0.38, −0.02) | 0.04 |
| AST, U/L | −0.20 (−0.49, 0.00) | 0.02 |
| LDH, U/L | −0.15 (−0.76, 0.44) | 0.60 |
| Cholestatic injury | ||
| GGT, U/L | −0.20 (−0.37, −0.04) | 0.01 |
| ALP, U/L | −0.45 (−0.83, −0.08) | 0.01 |
| Global decrease in liver synthesizing capacity | ||
| Albumin, g/L | 0.86 (−0.56, 2.30) | 0.23 |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | −0.30 (−0.55, −0.05) | 0.02 |
| Total protein, g/L | −0.99 (−2.65, 0.67) | 0.24 |
| Hepatocarcinogenesis | ||
| AFP, kUI/L | −0.15 (−0.26, −0.01) | 0.03 |
| Iron metabolism | ||
| Iron, μmol/L | 0.28 (−0.03, 0.68) | 0.11 |
| Ferritin, μmol/L | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.18) | 0.55 |
| Transferrin, mg/mL | −0.28 (−1.17, 0.59) | 0.52 |
The multivariable models (based on log-transformed variables of coffee intake and log-transformed biomarker variables) accounted for case-control status and matching factors: age (reported at study recruitment), sex, study center, follow-up time since blood collection, time of day of blood collection, and fasting status plus adjustment for education (no school degree or primary school, technical or professional school, secondary school, university degree, or unknown), smoking status (never, past, current, or unknown), alcohol intake (mL/d; continuous), nondrinking (categorical), hepatitis B surface antigen/antibodies to hepatitis C virus infection (positive, negative, or unknown), fruit and vegetable intake (g/d; continuous), physical activity (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active, or missing), diabetes (yes, no, or missing), tea intake (mL/d), BMI (in kg/m2; continuous), and waist circumference adjusted for BMI by using the residual method (cm; continuous). Women were further matched by menopausal status and phase of menstrual cycle at blood collection; postmenopausal women were matched on use of hormone replacement therapy. Nonconsumers of coffee (11 cases/12 controls) were not included in these analyses. AFP, α-fetoprotein; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CRP, C-reactive protein; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; GLDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; HMW, high molecular weight; LDH, lactatate dehydrogenase.
Estimated in multivariable-adjusted linear regression models (P values).