Protective effect of TNF-α vaccine in acute colitis model. One week after the last immunization, mice were fed 2.5% DSS for 7 days to induce acute colitis. (A) The DAI score was recorded every 2 days. Data represent mean DAI scores ± SD for n = 6 mice/group. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001 (compared with the results from the PB control group). (B) Photomicrographs of representative H&E-stained colon sections. The colon section photographs are representative of 6 mice for each group (magnification, ×100). (C) Histological scoring was performed by two experienced pathologists in a blind fashion. Data represent mean histological scores ± SD for n = 6 mice/group. *, P < 0.05 (compared with the results from the PB control group). (D) The effect of hTNF-α vaccination on serum TNF-α concentrations. Data represent mean serum TNF-α concentrations ± SD for n = 3 mice/group. ***, P < 0.001 (compared with the results from the PB control group).