Table 3. GEE analysesa showing associations of time (wave), education, and income with four triggers for thinking about quitting for six countries (weighted data).
| Price of cigarettes | France OR (95% CI) | Germany OR (95% CI) | The Netherlands OR (95% CI) | Ireland OR (95% CI) | Scotland OR (95% CI) | UK OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main effects | ||||||
| Wave | 1.24 (1.10 to 1.39)** | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00) | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.18)** | 0.96 (0.70 to 1.31) | 0.89 (0.68 to 1.18) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) |
| Education | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.12 (0.95 to 1.33) | 1.63 (1.28 to 2.06)** | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.21) | 0.82 (0.61 to 1.09) | 2.10 (1.28 to 3.44)* | 1.15 (1.00 to 1.31) |
| Low | 1.28 (1.02 to 1.62) | 1.35 (1.02 to 1.77) | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) | 0.96 (0.70 to 1.30) | 1.92 (1.14 to 3.25) | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.18) |
| Income | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.20 (1.03 to 1.40) | 1.33 (1.07 to 1.65) | 1.21 (1.05 to 1.40)* | 1.03 (0.81 to 1.31) | 2.20 (1.31 to 3.70)* | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.21) |
| Low | 1.45 (1.22 to 1.72)** | 1.69 (1.34 to 2.14)** | 1.41 (1.21 to 1.63)** | 1.23 (0.94 to 1.60) | 1.72 (0.97 to 3.04) | 1.20 (1.04 to 1.38) |
| Interaction effects (separate analyses)b | ||||||
| Education * wave | p = 0.064 | p = 0.367 | p = 0.559 | p = 0.339 | p = 0.095 | p = 0.004 |
| Income * wave | p = 0.562 | p = 0.272 | p = 0.088 | p = 0.460 | p = 0.420 | p = 0.454 |
|
| ||||||
| Smoking restrictions | France OR (95% CI) | Germany OR (95% CI) | The Netherlands OR (95% CI) | Ireland OR (95% CI) | Scotland OR (95% CI) | UK OR (95% CI) |
|
| ||||||
| Main effects | ||||||
| Wave | 0.72 (0.63 to 0.81)** | 0.72 (0.65 to 0.81)** | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.96)** | 0.83 (0.64 to 1.08) | 0.66 (0.50 to 0.88)* | 1.14 (1.11 to 1.17)** |
| Education | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.16 (0.98 to 1.37) | 1.20 (0.97 to 1.48) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.11) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.21) | 1.09 (0.73 to 1.62) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.20) |
| Low | 1.28 (1.02 to 1.60) | 1.43 (1.11 to 1.84)* | 1.08 (0.90 to 1.29) | 0.94 (0.73 to 1.22) | 1.27 (0.80 to 2.01) | 1.05 (0.93 to 1.19) |
| Income | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.38 (1.18 to 1.62)** | 1.25 (1.00 to 1.56) | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.15) | 1.25 (1.02 to 1.54) | 1.59 (0.94 to 2.68) | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.01) |
| Low | 1.39 (1.17 to 1.65)** | 1.25 (1.00 to 1.56) | 1.04 (0.88 to 1.23) | 1.06 (0.84 to 1.32) | 1.33 (0.76 to 2.33) | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.13) |
| Interaction effects (separate analyses)b | ||||||
| Education * wave | p = 0.021 | p = 0.055 | p = 0.049 | p = 0.434 | p = 0.009 | p = 0.540 |
| Income * wave | p = 0.079 | p = 0.568 | p = 0.644 | p = 0.025 | p = 0.009 | p = 0.006 |
|
| ||||||
| Free or lower cost medication | France OR (95% CI) | Germany OR (95% CI) | The Netherlands OR (95% CI) | Ireland OR (95% CI) | Scotland OR (95% CI) | UK OR (95% CI) |
|
| ||||||
| Main effects | ||||||
| Wave | Not measured | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.11) | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02) | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.32) | 0.84 (0.62 to 1.13) | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.05) |
| Education | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Moderate | 1.98 (1.52 to 2.57)** | 1.33 (1.13 to 1.56)** | 1.12 (0.88 to 1.43) | 1.52 (1.01 to 2.29) | 1.10 (0.97 to 1.24) | |
| Low | 2.21 (1.63 to 3.00)** | 1.21 (1.01 to 1.46) | 1.34 (1.04 to 1.72) | 1.77 (1.10 to 2.86) | 1.13 (1.00 to 1.29) | |
| Income | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Moderate | 1.53 (1.14 to 2.04)* | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.20) | 1.17 (0.94 to 1.47) | 1.77 (1.03 to 3.04) | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26) | |
| Low | 1.50 (1.12 to 2.00)* | 1.32 (1.13 to 1.56)** | 1.57 (1.24 to 1.98)** | 1.40 (0.77 to 2.54) | 1.22 (1.08 to 1.39)* | |
| Interaction effects (separate analyses)b | ||||||
| Education * wave | p = 0.216 | p = 0.184 | p = 0.672 | p = 0.563 | p = 0.149 | |
| Income * wave | p = 0.811 | p = 0.395 | p = 0.110 | p = 0.193 | p = 0.254 | |
|
| ||||||
| Warning labels on cigarette packs | FranceOR (95% CI) | Germany OR (95% CI) | The Netherlands OR (95% CI) | Ireland OR (95% CI) | Scotland OR (95% CI) | UK OR (95% CI) |
|
| ||||||
| Main effects | ||||||
| Wave | 1.11 (0.99 to 1.23) | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.04) | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.01) | 0.77 (0.59 to 1.01) | 1.07 (0.79 to 1.44) | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.98)** |
| Education | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.22 (1.03 to 1.44) | 1.25 (0.98 to 1.59) | 1.13 (0.92 to 1.39) | 1.15 (0.90 to 1.46) | 1.38 (0.91 to 2.11) | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.09) |
| Low | 1.24 (0.99 to 1.56) | 1.41 (1.07 to 1.86) | 1.22 (0.97 to 1.54) | 1.11 (0.85 to 1.45) | 2.16 (1.36 to 3.43)* | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.26) |
| Income | ||||||
| High | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 1.24 (1.07 to 1.43)* | 1.20 (0.96 to 1.50) | 1.26 (1.03 to 1.56) | 1.21 (0.99 to 1.49) | 1.09 (0.63 to 1.88) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) |
| Low | 1.41 (1.20 to 1.66)** | 1.32 (1.06 to 1.65) | 1.62 (1.31 to 2.01)** | 1.54 (1.23 to 1.93)** | 1.29 (0.71 to 2.32) | 1.18 (1.04 to 1.35) |
| Interaction effects (separate analyses)b | ||||||
| Education * wave | p = 0.007 | p = 0.557 | p = 0.029 | p = 0.460 | p = 0.199 | p = 0.356 |
| Income * wave | p = 0.199 | p = 0.282 | p = 0.380 | p = 0.034 | p = 0.149 | p = 0.432 |
a
All analyses were adjusted for sex, age, HSI, and time in sample.
b
p-values for overall tests of model effects
*
p<0.01,
**
p<0.001