Table 2.
Maternal and early infant predictors of inpatient admission for suspected pneumonia during the first 6 months of life, Ha Nam province, Vietnam (n = 1049)
| Univariable regression | Multivariable regressiona | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Factors | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | P value | Odds ratio | 95 % CI | P value |
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Maternal age (years) | 0.96 | 0.91 to 1.01 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 0.89 to 1.00 | 0.06 |
| Education | ||||||
| Primary | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
| Secondary | 0.97 | 0.53 to 1.78 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.48 to 1.91 | 089 |
| University | 1.13 | 0.54 to 2.35 | 0.74 | 1.36 | 0.56 to 3.33 | 0.50 |
| Gravidity | ||||||
| Primgravida | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
| Multigravida | 1.04 | 0.66 to 1.66 | 0.86 | 1.50 | 0.87 to 2.58 | 0.15 |
| Main energy source | ||||||
| Gas | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
| Firewood/Straw/Hay | 0.85 | 0.45 to 1.61 | 0.62 | 0.88 | 0.45 to 1.72 | 0.70 |
| Other | 0.72 | 0.22 to 2.39 | 0.60 | 0.82 | 0.18 to 3.68 | 0.79 |
| Type of toilet | ||||||
| Flush toilet/septic tank | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
| Compartment latrine | 0.75 | 0.38 to 1.45 | 0.39 | 0.74 | 0.39 to 1.40 | 0.36 |
| Pit latrine/none | 1.11 | 0.62 to 1.99 | 0.72 | 1.01 | 0.54 to 1.89 | 0.98 |
| Main water source | ||||||
| Rain water | Reference | - | - | Reference | - | - |
| Well water/river water | 2.22 | 1.04 to 4.73 | 0.04 | 2.67 | 1.05 to 6.77 | 0.04 |
| Tap/piped water | 0.92 | 0.39 to 2.19 | 0.85 | 0.69 | 0.26 to 1.83 | 0.46 |
| Nutritional and health status | ||||||
| Body mass index at enrolment (kg/m2) | 0.96 | 0.86 to 1.07 | 0.44 | |||
| Depression early pregnancy | 0.74 | 0.41 to 1.33 | 0.32 | |||
| Depression late pregnancy | 1.13 | 0.58 to 2.20 | 0.72 | |||
| Antenatal practices | ||||||
| Change of diet when pregnant | 1.39 | 0.81 to 2.38 | 0.23 | |||
| Meat intake during pregnancy (number of times per week) | 1.08 | 0.96 to 1.21 | 0.23 | |||
| Supplements taken during trial intervention | ||||||
| Daily IFA supplements | Reference | - | - | |||
| Twice weekly IFA supplements | 1.28 | 0.76 to 2.16 | 0.36 | 1.10 | 0.60 to 2.14 | 0.77 |
| MMN supplements | 1.18 | 0.69 to 2.03 | 0.55 | 1.14 | 0.45 to 1.71 | 0.69 |
| Micronutrient status in late pregnancy | ||||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 1.02 | 0.85 to 1.23 | 0.80 | |||
| Ferritin (log2 ug/L)b | 0.75 | 0.53 to 1.08 | 0.12 | |||
| B12 (log2 pmol/L)b | 1.22 | 0.62 to 2.40 | 0.57 | |||
| Folate (log2 nmol/L)b | 0.73 | 0.41 to 1.29 | 0.28 | |||
| Iodine (log2 ug/L)b | 1.08 | 0.82 to 1.43 | 0.60 | |||
| Infant factors | ||||||
| Birthweight (per 100 grams) | 0.98 | 0.98 to 1.00 | 0.48 | |||
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 0.88 | 0.80 to 0.98 | 0.02 | 0.92 | 0.82 to 1.04 | 0.18 |
| Male sex | 2.14 | 1.35 to 3.39 | 0.01 | 2.35 | 1.40 to 3.96 | 0.01 |
| Child care practices | ||||||
| Exclusive breast feeding at six weeks of age | 0.44 | 0.25 to 0.75 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.20 to 0.75 | 0.01 |
| Use of dietary supplements for child in the first six months | 0.74 | 0.40 to 1.38 | 0.34 | |||
aAdjusted for maternal age, education, gravidity, trial intervention, infant sex, gestational age at delivery, type of toilet, water source, main energy source and other factors with statistically significant univariable associations with the outcome
bLog2 transformed—odds ratio represents a twofold change in ferritin, B12, folate or iodine