Inducers of Nrf2-target genes. Many small molecules that induce ARE-driven gene expression are indirect antioxidants or share structural similarity with indirect antioxidants. Examples shown include the metabolite of butylated hydroxyanisole, tert-butyl hydroquinone (tBHQ), the diethyl ester of fumaric acid and the related compound diethyl maleate, the synthetic triterpenoid 1-[2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]imidazolide (CDDO-Im), the acetylenic tricyclic bis (cyanoenone) designated TBE-31, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2.