Table 2.
Human, rat, and murine AKR genes with ARE sequences in their promoter regions
| Species | Gene name | Nonsystematic name | No. of AREs based on Nrf2 consensus sequence | Positional matrix human LD <6 | Positional matrix mouse LD <6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | AKR1A1 | Aldehyde reductase; dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DD) 3 | 6 | 5 | 0 |
| Human | AKR1B1 | Aldose reductase | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Human | AKR1B10 | Retinaldehyde reductase; small-intestine-like aldose reductase | 4 | 2 | 0 |
| Human | AKR1B15 | 3-Keto-acyl CoA reductase; 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) | 4 | 5 | 0 |
| Human | AKR1C1 | 3(20α)-HSD; DD1 | 10 | 16 | 5 |
| Human | AKR1C2 | Type 3 3α-HSD; DD2 | 15 | 24 | 7 |
| Human | AKR1C3 | Type 5 17β-HSD; prostaglandin F synthase; DDX | 4 | 6 | 2 |
| Human | AKR1C4 | Type 1 3α-HSD; DD4; chlordecone reductase | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Human | AKR1D1 | Steroid 5β-reductase | 11 | 27 | 0 |
| Human | AKR1E2 | 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose reductase | 6 | 3 | 0 |
| Human | AKR6A5 | Shaker channel β-subunit (Kvb2) | 26 | 8 | 1 |
| Human | AKR7A2 | Aflatoxin aldehyde reductase; succinic semialdehyde reductase | 9 | 10 | 0 |
| Human | AKR7A3 | Aflatoxin aldehyde reductase | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| Rat | AKR1A3 | Aldehyde reductase | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Rat | AKR1B4 | Aldose reductase | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Rat | AKR1B13 | Aldose reductase-like | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Rat | AKR1B14 | Aldose reductase-related protein | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Rat | AKR1C9 | 3α-HSD, DD | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| Rat | AKR1C17 | Rat AKR D | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| Rat | AKR1D2 | Steroid 5β-reductase | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Rat | AKR6A2 | Shaker channel β-subunit (Kvb2) | 11 | 14 | 0 |
| Rat | AKR7A1 | Aflatoxin aldehyde reductase | 4 | 2 | 0 |
| Rat | AKR7A4 | Aflatoxin aldehyde reductase | 3 | 4 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR1A4 | Aldehyde reductase | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR1B3 | Aldose reductase | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR1B7 | Aldose reductase-related protein | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR1B8 | Fibroblast growth factor-induced protein | 0 | 5 | 2 |
| Mouse | AKR1C6 | Estradiol 17β-HSD; prostaglandin F synthase | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR1C12 | 3α/β-HSD | 0 | 8 | 1 |
| Mouse | AKR1C13 | Interleukin-3-regulated AKR | 0 | 6 | 1 |
| Mouse | AKR1C14 | 3α/β-HSD | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Mouse | AKR1C18 | 20α-HSD | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR1C19 | 3(20α)-HSD | 4 | 6 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR1C21 | DD | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR1E1 | Mouse liver keto reductase | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR6A4 | Shaker channel β-subunit (Kvb2) | 11 | 13 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR6A8 | Shaker channel β-subunit (Kvb2) | 23 | 30 | 2 |
| Mouse | AKR6A14 | Shaker channel β-subunit (Kvb2) | 4 | 7 | 0 |
| Mouse | AKR7A5 | Aflatoxin aldehyde reductase: succinic semialdehyde reductase | 2 | 2 | 0 |
The species, gene, and original nonsystemic name of enzymes are shown. Identification of putative ARE sequences within AKR genes was performed using the Tess PWM search software, the source code for which is available at http://www.cbil.upenn.edu/downloads. This software implements a search algorithm of the target gene sequence using a positional/partial weight matrix to describe the ARE. PWMs encode a ranked representation of base values accommodating some level of flexibility for certain positions in the sequence while mandating that other positions match exactly [139]. From left to right, the ARE sequences included in our search included the sequence 5′-G-TGAC-NNN-GC-3′, the matrices assigned the Jasper IDs MA0150.1 (human Nrf2, NFE2L2) and MA0150.2 (mouse Nrf2, Nfe2l2). Gene sequences for each of the human, rat, and mouse AKR genes were downloaded from the Ensembl database. In the search, we included 7000 flanking bases upstream and downstream from each gene. For further details visit the AKR Web site at http://www.med.upenn.edu/akr/.