Table 1.

Summary of selected interstitial CBUS devices, their design features, performance evaluations and clinical utilizations.

CBUS Device	General Design Features	Performance	Site-Specific Evaluations	Clinical Utilization
Interstitial: sectored tubular arrays	Multiple sectored tubular transducer array; 6 -8 MHz; 10 – 15 mm segments; 1.5 – 2.4 mm OD; Sector-based angular control; integratedcatheter or internal cooling	Lesion dimensions 15-20 mm radial, 10 – 40 mm length; Ablation and HT; MRTI, CT, US, Fluoroscopy guidance	in vivo canine brain [10, 37] and prostate [36], porcine liver [31] ovine [21] and rabbit spine [22]	Prostate and cervix hyperthermia with HDR brachytherapy [38]
Interstitial: multi-faced	7-sided catheter assembly w/ array of 1 mm × 1mm transducers; 6 MHz; 8 mm active length; OD = 3.2 mm; angular control through power activation on each face; external cooling sheath	Radial treatment depth > 15 mm; MR-compatible with MRTI in 1.5 T	Brain [11]
Interstitial & Intraductal rotating planar	3.8-4 mm OD catheter, 8-10 mm length × 2.8-3.0 mm planar transducer segment, ∼5 or 10 MHz, motorized rotation; integrated cooling sheath	∼20 mm radial × 8 mm length penetration, rotation for angular control; endoscopic intraluminal or interstitial; fluoroscopy or US guidance.	Porcine biliary tract [84, 85] and liver [30, 84]	Bile duct carcinoma [125]
Interstitial: dual-mode	Dual-mode linear array, 32 rect. Elements, 2.3 × 49 mm2; 3.1 or 4.8 MHz; motorized rotational control; balloon cooling	Lesion dimensions ∼ 18 mm radial,∼ 5 mm wide, and ∼ 15 mm length; Dual-mode with US B-mode imaging	in vivo rabbit liver [14, 15]
Interstitial: dual-mode w/ mechanical rotation	Dual-mode linear array; 5 rect. elements, 3 × 20 mm2, 5 - 6 MHz, cylindrical focus ∼ 14 mm; motorized rotational control; balloon cooling	Lesion dimensions 19 mm depth, ∼9 mm wide; dual-mode with US therapy with all 5 elements, B-mode imaging with central transducer	Porcine liver in vivo [18]