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| Step | Glycerol (mol/kg) | Nonpermeating solute (Osm/kg) | Time (min) | Predicted Cell Yield | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPA Addition | 1 | 0.83 | 0.08 | 12 | 70% |
| 2 | 17 | 3.3 | 1 | ||
| CPA Removal* | 1 | 0 | 0.8 | 2 | 99% |
| 2 | 0 | 0.4 | 10 |
* Several CPA removal procedures had nearly identical toxicity costs, making it difficult to identify the global optimum. The given procedure was selected from this group for experimental expediency.
