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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Vascul Pharmacol. 2015 May 27;74:38–48. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.05.008

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The upstream signals of Akt. Akt activity is regulated by its upstream regulatory pathways at transcriptional and post-translational levels. beta-catenin/Tcf-4, GLI1 and Stat-3 are known transcriptional regulators of AKT gene. T308 and S473 are the two critical phosphorylation sites of Akt1. Affinity of Akt to PtdIns (3,4,5) P3 is required for membrane translocation. PI3 kinase-dependent phosphorylation of T308 is through PDK1. S473 is phosphorylated by mTORC2. Ack1, Src, PTK6, TBK1, IKBKE and IKKε are some of the non-canonical pathways which affect the Akt activity. Protein-protein interactions of Akt to actin and Hsp90 increase the Akt activity while Akt binding to CTMP and TRB3 reduces the Akt activity.

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