Figure 3. Effects of seven predictors on the effect sizes (Hedges g) of bird s tolerance of human disturbance from populations of rural-urban habitat contrast (103 species, 324 effect sizes).

Negative effect sizes show that species tolerate human disturbance, whereas positive effect sizes show that species are intolerant of human disturbance. Predictors are presented in their order of importance in explaining bird's response to human disturbance. (a) Body mass (g). (b) Diet. (c) Habitat openness. (d) Mean clutch size per reproductive period. (e) Migration. (f) Group size. (g) Foraging habit. Horizontal dashed line indicates zero effect size. Different sizes of symbols in a and d reflect differences in sample size. The error bars illustrate 95% confidence intervals. The number of effect sizes in each categorical level is shown in the bottom of figures.