Table 2.
In vitro consequences of Staphylococcus aureus/osteoblast interaction.
| Cells | Strains | MOI | Observations | Author/Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Upregulation of expression and release of IL-6 and IL-12 in infected osteoblasts | Bost et al., 1999 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Upregulation of expression and release of GM-CSF and G-CSF in infected osteoblasts | Bost et al., 2000 |
| MC3T3-E1 | UAMS-1 | 250:1 | Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus induces apoptosis of osteoblasts | Tucker et al., 2000 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Induction of expression and release of TRAIL in infected osteoblasts | Alexander et al., 2001 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Upregulation of expression and release of MCP-1 in infected osteoblasts, but not IL-3 | Bost et al., 2001 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1, | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Increase of phosphorylation of ERK 1 and 2 and activation of c-jun in Staphylococcus aureus-infected osteoblasts | Ellington et al., 2001 |
| MG-63, NHOs | Clinic | 10:1, 1:1 | Upregulation of expression and release of IL-8, IP-10, RANTES, MCP-1 in infected osteoblasts | Wright and Friedland, 2002 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 75:1, 250:1 | Upregulation of expression and release of IP-10 in infected osteoblasts | Gasper et al., 2002 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Upregulation of expression of IL-1β and IL-18 in infected osteoblasts, but no release of the related proteins in spite of the presence of caspase I | Marriott et al., 2002 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Expression of TRAIL in infected osteoblasts induces apoptosis and activation of caspase-8 | Alexander et al., 2003 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Upregulation of expression and production of CD40 in infected osteoblasts and mediation of cytokine induction | Schrum et al., 2003b |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Upregulation of mRNA and surface expression of MHC II in infected osteoblasts | Schrum et al., 2003a |
| MNCOs | Bacterial DNA | - | Induction of osteoclastogenesis by ligation of bacterial DNA upon TLR-9 in osteoblasts | Zou et al., 2003 |
| MG-63, NHOs | Clinic | 10:1, 1:1 | Effect of Th2 cytokines, PGE2 and dexamethasone on release and expression of RANTES, MCP-1, IP-10, IL-8 from infected osteoblasts | Wright and Friedland, 2004 |
| MNCOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Stimulation of Nod1 and Nod2 by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and related cytokine release | Marriott et al., 2005 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1 | 125:1 | Decrease of sensibility to antibiotics for intracellular established Staphylococcus aureus | Ellington et al., 2006 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1, Lab | 25:1, 75:1 | Expression of TRAIL is observed in both infected and uninfected osteoblasts in infected cultures | Reott et al., 2008 |
| MNCOs, | UAMS-1, Clinic | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Upregulation of expression and production of RANK-L and production of PGE2 via COX-2 activation in infected osteoblasts | Somayaji et al., 2008 |
| hFOBs | - | Supernatant | Up-regulation of the production of HBD-2 by osteoblasts challenged with Staphylococcus aureus supernatants | Varoga et al., 2008 |
| SaoS-2, NHOs | - | Supernatant | Production of HBD-3 by osteoblasts via TLR2 after stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus supernantant | Varoga et al., 2009 |
| MNCOs | UAMS-1 | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Modulation of osteoblast response to Staphylococcus aureus through NOD2 | Chauhan and Marriott, 2010 |
| SV40 hOBs | UAMS-1 | 250:1 | Release of MCP-1 and IL-6 in infected osteoblasts through NF-kB regulation | Ning et al., 2010 |
| SV40 hOBs | UAMS-1 | 250:1 | Necessity of attachment of Staphylococcus aureus to osteoblasts but not internalization for activation of NF-kB | Ning et al., 2010 |
| MNCOs, NHOs | UAMS-1, Lab | 25:1, 75:1, 250:1 | Expression of TRAIL death receptors, DR4 and DR5, and decrease of OPG production in infected osteoblasts | Young et al., 2011 |
| MC3T3-E1 | Lab | - | Induction of osteoblast apoptosis via Caspase-3 and expression of RANK-L thanks to the binding of SpA from Staphylococcus aureus to TNFR-1 of osteoblasts | Claro et al., 2011 |
| MC3T3-E1 | Lab | - | Inhibition of the osteoblast proliferation, induction of the migration of pre-osteoclasts and osteoclastogenesis through SpA from Staphylococcus aureus | Widaa et al., 2012 |
| MC3T3-E1, SaoS-2 | Clinic | Supernatant | Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of PSMα of Staphylococcus aureus on osteoblasts | Cassat et al., 2013 |
| MC3T3-E1 | Lab | - | SpA binds to TNFR-1 which activates NF-kB and the release of IL-6 | Claro et al., 2013 |
| MC3T3-E1 | Lab | 100:1 | PVL, SpA and Coa of Staphylococcus aureus induce apotosis and upregulate RANK-L expression in osteoblasts | Jin et al., 2013 |
| MG-63 | Lab, clinic | 100:1 | Killing effect of PSMα secreted by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus on osteoblasts | Rasigade et al., 2013 |
| MC3T3-E1 | Lab | Supernatant | Induction of production of MDB-14 (a murine ortholog HDB-3) by Staphylococcus aureus-infected osteoblasts through MAPK and NF-kB pathways | Zhu et al., 2013 |
| NHOs | UAMS-1, clinic | Biofilm supernatant | Decrease of osteoblast viability, inhibition of osteogenic differentiation and increase of RANKL expression by osteoblasts by biofilm components of Staphylococcus aureus | Sanchez et al., 2013 |
| MC3T3-E1 | Lab | 100:1 | Apoptosis and decrease of osteogenic differentiation in response to Staphylococcus aureus through TLR2 expression and JNK activation | Chen et al., 2014 |
| Primary osteoblasts | Lab | 20:1, 100:1, 500:1 | Production of CCL2 and CXCL3 by osteoblasts following stimulation by Staphylococcus aureus | Dapunt et al., 2014 |
| MC3T3-E1 | Lab | 100:1 | Expression of miR-24 was significantly down-regulated in Staphylococcus aureus-infected osteoblasts compared with untreated control cells. Overexpression of miR-24 could reduce the effects of Staphylococcus aureus | Jin et al., 2015 |
MOI, Multiplicity of infection (number of bacteria per cell); MNCOs, Mouse neonate calvarial osteoblasts; NHOs, Normal human osteoblasts; MC3T3-E1, Mouse calvaria cell line; MG-63, Human osteosarcoma cell line; SaoS-2, Human osteosarcoma cell line; hFOBs, Human fetal osteoblastic cell line; SV40 hOBs, Human osteoblastic cell line; Lab, Laboratory strains of Staphylococcus aureus (purchased from ATCC, NCTC,… ); Clinic, Strain of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from osteomyelitic patients; UAMS-1, Most studied laboratory strain of Staphylococcus aureus in bone infection models.