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. 2015 Nov 26;5:16777. doi: 10.1038/srep16777

Figure 2. HIV-1 Tat protein induces Leishmania multiplication in macrophages in a PKR-dependent manner.

Figure 2

The infection index was measured in (A) Peritoneal macrophages (wild-type or PKR knockout) and (B) RAW 264.7 cells stably transfected with either the empty vector (RAW-WT-Bla PKR cells) or the dominant-negative PKR K296R (RAW-DN-PKR cells) infected with the promastigote forms of L. amazonensis for 24 hours, then treated with Tat (100 ng/mL) for an additional 48 hours. (C) Human primary macrophages and (D) THP-1 cells were also infected with L. amazonensis and treated with Tat (100 ng/mL) and 300 nM of the PKR inhibitor prior to amastigote quantification. (E) THP-1 cells were infected with HIV-1 and L. amazonensis promastigotes and treated with recombinant Tat (100 ng/mL). (F) Alternatively, the co-infection was treated with anti-Tat serum plus PKR inhibitor. The results are representative of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05.