Table 1.
Characteristics of study population by urinary albumin excretion status
| Normal urinary albumin excretion | Low-grade albuminuria | Increased urinary albumin excretion | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n ( % ) | 6817 (70.1) | 2274 (23.4) | 639 (6.6) | |
| ACR (mg/g) | 6.7 (5.0–8.4) | 14.7 (12.5–19.0)* | 53.3 (37.8–94.6)*# | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 55.5 ± 7.7 | 56.7 ± 8.4* | 58.0 ± 9.6*# | < 0.0001 |
| Male [n (%)] | 2097 (30.8) | 501 (22.0) | 188 (29.4) | < 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.2 | 24.0 ± 3.8* | 24.7 ± 3.7*# | < 0.0001 |
| WC (cm) | 81.1 ± 9.2 | 82.3 ± 9.9* | 85.1 ± 10.4*# | < 0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 124.2 ± 15.6 | 129.0 ± 16.9* | 135.0 ± 18.9*# | < 0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.6 ± 9.5 | 76.4 ± 10.4* | 78.9 ± 11.0* | < 0.0001 |
| Current smoker [n (%)] | 703 (10.6) | 164 (7.4)* | 74 (11.8) # | 0.072 |
| Current drinker [n (%)] | 226 (3.4) | 67 (3.1) | 23 (3.7) | 0.817 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 21.0 (10.5–45.0) | 21.0 (10.5–42.0) | 21.5 (10.5–42.0) | 0.831 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 108.8 (79.6–157.5) | 115.9 (82.3–169.9)* | 137.2 (96.5–194.7)*# | < 0.0001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 199.6 ± 47.4 | 203.6 ± 48.7* | 202.4 ± 52.0 | 0.002 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.2 ± 13.9 | 51.1 ± 13.8 | 47.8 ± 12.8*# | < 0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 120.8 ± 36.5 | 122.2 ± 37.8 | 122.6 ± 39.0 | 0.067 |
| Non-HDL-C (mg/dl) | 148.4 ± 41.8 | 152.4 ± 43.2* | 154.6 ± 46.3* | < 0.0001 |
| Non-HDL-C/HDL-C | 2.9 (2.3–3.6) | 3.0 (2.4–3.8)* | 3.3 (2.6–4.0)*# | < 0.0001 |
| TG/HDL-C | 2.2 (1.5–3.5) | 2.3 (1.5–3.7)* | 3.0 (1.9–4.5)*# | < 0.0001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.4 (5.0–5.9) | 5.5 (5.0–6.1)* | 5.6 (5.1–6.7)*# | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.2 ± 1.0* | 6.5 ± 1.5*# | < 0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.67 (1.19–2.39) | 1.88 (1.29–2.80)* | 2.23 (1.45–3.48)*# | < 0.0001 |
| SCr (μmol/L) | 67.0 (60.8–76.0) | 65.0 (59.5–72.9)* | 69.1 (60.9–81.1)*# | 0.531 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 110.9 (100.0–123.8) | 111.5 (100.1–124.8) | 106.4 (94.2–122.0)*# | < 0.0001 |
| Previous CVD (%) | 205 (3.0) | 78 (3.4) | 35 (5.5)*# | 0.003 |
| Previous hypertension (%) | 893 (13.1) | 486 (21.4)* | 198 (31.0)*# | < 0.0001 |
| Previous diabetes (%) | 313 (4.6) | 201 (8.8)* | 90 (14.1)*# | < 0.0001 |
| Previous dyslipidemia (%) | 325 (4.8) | 124 (5.5) | 49 (7.7)*# | 0.002 |
1. Data were means ± SD or medians (interquartile ranges) for skewed variables or numbers (proportions) for categorical variables.
2. P for trend was calculated for the linear regression analysis tests across the groups. P values were for the ANOVA or χ2 analyses across the groups.
3. *P < 0.05 compared with normal urinary albumin excretion group; #P < 0.05 compared with low-grade albuminuria group.
4. ACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; SCr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CVD, cardiovascular diseases.