Table 1.
Methodological characteristics of the included studies
| Quality score | Study design | Sample size | Geographic area | PA measurement | Environment | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cross-sectional | Longitudinal | n ≤ 150 | 150 < n ≤ 500 | 500 < n ≤ 1000 | n > 1000 | North America | Europe | Australia | Asia | Parental report | Children’s report | Observation | Parental report | Children’s report | GIS/census | Audit data | School principal’s report | ||
| Aarts et al. [64] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Alton et al. [65] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Braza et al. [32] | 72.7 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Bringolf-Isler et al. [66] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Carson et al. [16] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Carver et al. [79] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Carver et al. [31] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Chillon et al. [33] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Christiansen et al. [67] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Curreiro et al. [34] | 81.8 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Cutumisu et al. [35] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| de Vries et al. [15] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| DeWeese et al. [36] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| D’Haese et al. [68] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| D'Haese et al. [69] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Ducheyne et al. [70] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Durand et al. [37] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Frank et al. [38] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Gallimore et al. [39] | 68.2 | x | ? | ? | ? | ? | x | ? | ? | x | |||||||||
| Giles-Corti et al. [80] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| He [40] | 81.8 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Hsu and Saphores, [41] | 81.8 | x | x | x | ? | ? | x | ||||||||||||
| Hume et al. [30] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Johansson [71] | 77.3 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Kemperman and Timmermans [72] | 81.8 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Kerr et al. [42] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Kytta et al. [73] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Larouche et al. [44] | 68.2 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Larouche et al. [43] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Larsen et al. [45] | 77.3 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Lee et al. [46] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Leslie et al. [81] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Lin & Chang [89] | 72.7 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Lin & Yu [88] | 77.3 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Loucaides et al. [74] | 81.8 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Martin et al. [47] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| McDonald [48] | 77.3 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| McDonald [49] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| McDonald [50] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| McMillan [51] | 81.8 | x | ? | ? | ? | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Merom et al. [82] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Mitra et al. [54] | 81.8 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Mitra and Buliung [53] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Mitra and Buliung [52] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Noland et al. [55] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Napier et al. [56] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
| Oluyomi et al. [57] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Pabayo et al. [28] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Page et al. [75] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Panter et al. [77] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||
| Panter et al. [76] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| Panter et al. [29] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||
| Rodriguez and Vogt [58] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Rosenberg et al. [23] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Rossen et al. [59] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Rothman et al. [60] | 81.8 | x | ? | ? | ? | ? | x | x | x | x | |||||||||
| Salmon et al. [83] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Steinbach et al. [78] | 77.3 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Su et al. [61] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Timperio et al. [84] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||
| Timperio et al. [85] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||
| Trapp et al. [86] | 90.9 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||
| Trapp et al. [87] | 95.5 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||
| Zhu et al. [62] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Zhu & Lee [63] | 86.4 | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||
| Total | 61 | 4 | 3 | 15 | 18 | 26 | 35 | 17 | 11 | 2 | 40 | 26 | 1 | 32 | 19 | 32 | 11 | 1 | |