Table 3.

Final Delphi Consensus of Factors Most Likely to Cause Safety Events by Provider Type

Delphi Round 3	All (N=492) Ranking	All % Highly Likely	EMT-P (N=254) % Highly Likely	EMT-I (N=31) % Highly Likely	EMT-B, FR (N=99) % Highly Likely	MD (N=64) % Highly Likely	RN (N=44) % Highly Likely
Lack of experience with pediatric airway management	1	73.4	72.1	67.7	64.3	87.5	84.1
Heightened anxiety when working with children	2	72.5	71.7	66.7	66.3	81.3	81.8
Lack of proficiency in pediatric skills among providers on scene	3	66.6	66.5	61.3	58.2	75	77.3
Lack of experience with pediatric equipment	4	57.9	54.8	54.8	54.1	71.9	65.9
Family Member leads to delay or interference	5	49.2	50	41.9	60	37.5	43.2
Lack of ongoing pediatric training (continuing medical education) for EMS providers	6	48.6	43.8	48.4	48	65.6	52.3
Knowing when to alter plans mid-course	7	47.3	44.9	35.5	36.7	59.4	59.1
Lack of debriefing among EMTs after calls	8	45.5	44.8	48.4	33	63.5	48.8
Determining whether patient is sick or not sick	9	45	43.5	25.8	43.9	69.8	50
Knowing when to perform advanced airway procedure (for example, LMA, ETT, King, etc.)	10	44.5	41.7	32.3	35.4	64.1	61.4
Reluctance to report one's own errors	11	43.2	43	35.5	37.2	53.1	47.7
Reluctance to report others' errors	12	40	39.8	32.3	36.8	45.3	45.5
Making the decision to “Scoop and Run”/“Load and Go” or “Stabilize before Transport”	13	38.6	39.4	32.3	33.7	46	38.6
Use of adult equipment on children (for example, immobilizing a child on an adult backboard)	14	34.3	34.4	29	29.6	34.4	47.7
Availability of correct size of equipment (for example, spinal immobilization, cardiac monitoring equipment, O2 monitoring equipment)	15	33.1	27.3	29	38.8	39.1	47.7