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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2015 Oct 9;74:178–187. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.003

FIGURE 5. Osteogenically induced MSCs delivered with DMs exhibit increased cell persistence, vessel density, and bone formation in an ectopic tissue site.

FIGURE 5

A) Luciferase-MSCs are deployed as dissociated cells or adhered to DM-coated microcarrier beads and embedded within an alginate hydrogel. B) Storage modulus of MSC-loaded alginate hydrogels (Alg) and hydrogels containing DM-coated beads (DM). C) Luminescence from low (blue) to high (red) at 4 days and 21 days. Top left: GM. Top right: OM. Bottom left: GM-DM. Bottom right: OM-DM. D) After 2 week ectopic implantation, OM-DM exhibited 3-fold greater vessel density in H&E stained cross-sections: 10× view, 40× insets, scale bars represent 100 µm. Asterisks indicate the hydrogel and arrows denote blood vessels. E) After 8 week ectopic implantation, OM-DM demonstrated significantly increased explant bone volume (mm3) compared to other groups. Scale bars represent 1 mm. Chart values represent mean ± SD (n ≥ 6); †p<0.05 OM-DM vs. all groups at 14d and 21d, *p<0.05 GM-DM vs. GM and OM at 21d, #p<0.01 vs. OM-DM, $p<0.01 vs. OM-DM, p<0.05 vs. OM-DM.