Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population according to area.
| Variables | Urban (N = 115,454) | Rural (N = 84,336) | p * |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Age (years; mean, SD) | 47.5 (16.0) | 56.2 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 52,560 (45.5) | 40,467 (48.0) | <0.001 |
| Female | 62,894 (54.5) | 43,869 (52.0) | |
| BMI (kg/m2; Mean, SD) | 23.1 (3.1) | 23.1 (3.1) | <0.01 |
| Education attainment | |||
| Elementary | 16,992 (14.7) | 32,885 (39.0) | <0.001 |
| Middle | 11,543 (10.0) | 11,738 (13.9) | |
| High | 37,291 (32.3) | 23,285 (27.6) | |
| College or more | 49,628 (43.0) | 16,428 (19.5) | |
| Living arrangements | |||
| Living with others | 105,996 (91.8) | 74,456 (88.3) | <0.001 |
| Living alone | 9458 (8.2) | 9880 (11.7) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Never/former | 91,225 (79.0) | 67,156 (79.6) | <0.01 |
| Current | 24,229 (21.0) | 17,180 (20.4) | |
| Alcohol a | |||
| None/never | 49,742 (43.1) | 44,983 (53.3) | <0.001 |
| Sometimes | 40,733 (35.3) | 20,472 (24.3) | |
| Often | 24,979 (21.6) | 18,881 (22.4) | |
| Physical activity b | |||
| None | 8689 (7.5) | 13,313 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| Sometimes | 11,444 (9.9) | 7678 (9.1) | |
| Often | 95,321 (82.6) | 63,345 (75.1) | |
| SRH | |||
| Good | 48,184 (41.7) | 31,246 (37.0) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 67,270 (58.3) | 53,090 (63.0) |
Notes: SD = standard deviation; BMI = body mass index. * Significance according to t-test or chi-square test between urban and rural areas. a Categorized as follows: none/never (less than 1 day per month), sometimes (1 day per month to 2~4 days per month), often (2 or 3 days per week to over 4 days per week); b Categorized as follows: none (less than 1 day per week), sometimes (1 day per week to 2 days per week), often (3 days per week to over 5 days per week).